LIMES PLUS Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities
LIMES PLUS Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities is an international, peer-reviewed, open-access academic journal dedicated to publishing original, high-quality research in the fields of social sciences, humanities, and interdisciplinary studies. The journal follows a double-blind peer-review process and is committed to advancing scholarly knowledge through ethical, accessible, and impactful research. Read Scope of the Journal Key Information Journal Title: LIMES PLUS Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Indexing: ERIH PLUS Access Model: Open Access (no subscription, no APC) License: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) Copyright: Retained by Journal for all Published Content
Role of Emotional Intelligence in Managerial Decision-Making
Emotional intelligence (EI) has emerged as a critical factor influencing managerial decision-making in contemporary organizations. Defined as the ability to perceive, understand, regulate, and utilize emotions effectively, EI enables managers to navigate complex interpersonal dynamics and make balanced, informed decisions. This study examines the role of emotional intelligence in enhancing the quality of managerial decisions, particularly in environments characterized by uncertainty, pressure, and diverse stakeholder interests. key components of emotional intelligence—self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy, and social skills—and their impact on decision-making processes. Managers with high EI are better equipped to manage stress, avoid impulsive judgments, and consider both rational and emotional aspects of a situation. This leads to more thoughtful, ethical, and context-sensitive decisions. Additionally, emotionally intelligent managers are more effective in conflict resolution, team management, and communication, which further supports sound decision-making. Empirical evidence suggests that EI contributes to improved organizational outcomes by enhancing leadership effectiveness, employee engagement, and workplace relationships. It also plays a significant role in reducing biases, improving risk assessment, and fostering collaborative problem-solving.
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Role of Innovation Management in Business Growth
Innovation Management plays a vital role in achieving business growth, organizational competitiveness, and long-term sustainability in the modern business environment. In an era characterized by rapid technological advancement, globalization, and changing consumer demands, organizations must continuously develop new ideas, products, services, and processes to survive and succeed in competitive markets. the role of Innovation Management in promoting business growth by analyzing how organizations use innovation strategies to improve productivity, customer satisfaction, operational efficiency, and market performance. key aspects of innovation management such as product innovation, process innovation, technological advancement, strategic planning, research and development, and organizational creativity. It highlights how effective innovation management enables businesses to adapt to market changes, improve decision-making, reduce operational costs, and create competitive advantages. The role of leadership, organizational culture, employee creativity, and technology in supporting innovation-driven growth.
Strategic Human Resource Management and Organizational Effectiveness: A Study
Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) has emerged as a critical approach for aligning human resource practices with organizational goals to enhance overall effectiveness and competitive advantage. the relationship between SHRM practices—such as talent acquisition, training and development, performance management, and employee engagement—and organizational effectiveness in modern business environments. In an era characterized by globalization, technological advancement, and dynamic market conditions, organizations increasingly rely on strategic management of human capital as a key driver of success. how SHRM contributes to improved organizational outcomes by fostering a skilled, motivated, and adaptable workforce. It highlights the role of HR strategies in supporting innovation, enhancing productivity, and building sustainable organizational capabilities. The integration of HR policies with business strategies is shown to strengthen decision-making processes and improve alignment between employee performance and organizational objectives.
Employee Motivation and Job Satisfaction in Private Organizations
Employee motivation and job satisfaction are essential factors influencing organizational productivity, employee performance, and overall business success in private organizations. In today’s competitive business environment, private organizations increasingly recognize that motivated and satisfied employees contribute significantly to operational efficiency, innovation, customer service, and long-term organizational growth. the relationship between employee motivation and job satisfaction in private organizations by analyzing how motivational strategies, workplace conditions, leadership practices, compensation systems, and organizational culture affect employee attitudes and performance. n major motivational factors such as financial rewards, recognition, career development opportunities, work-life balance, job security, employee engagement, and supportive leadership. It highlights that organizations that effectively motivate employees often experience higher job satisfaction, improved productivity, stronger organizational commitment, and reduced employee turnover. The study also explores the role of communication, workplace environment, and employee participation in enhancing job satisfaction within private organizations.
Dysgraphia Among Students in the Early Stages of Learning: A Study in light of Neurolinguistics
This study aims to examine dysgraphia among primary school students, with particular emphasis on its cerebral (neural) dimension. Writing is a mental activity before it is a physical (manual) one; consequently, both diagnosis and treatment are challenging. Acquiring writing skills is also highly demanding because writing requires visual, auditory, and motor coordination. Any impairment in these three components will inevitably lead to dysgraphia.
The Financial and Societal Effects of Big Athletic Events
Globally, major sporting events have grown into phenomena with far-reaching effects on society's social, cultural, political, and economic aspects, in addition to athletic competition. International athletic events like the Olympics, FIFA World Cup, Commonwealth Games, and others draw in millions of people from all over the globe, including athletes, fans, journalists, and investors. These events are significant for academic and policy study because they facilitate global interaction, national representation, cultural exchange, and economic activity. the monetary and social effects that large-scale athletic events have on the communities and nations that play host. Tourism, new infrastructure, jobs, foreign investment, and heightened corporate activity are some of the ways that major sporting events boost economies. Possibilities for urban expansion and enhancements to transportation, communication, and public facilities are only a few of the long- and short-term economic impacts examined in this study.
Between Material Prosperity and Loyalty to Ideological Doctrine: The Forbidden Trade in the Era of the Crusades (1096-1291 AD)
The present article examines the policy of prohibiting the trade of war goods between Christians and the Islamic East, and between Muslims and the European West, during the Crusades (5th-7th centuries AH / 11th-13th centuries AD). This policy is primarily documented in Vatican records for the European West and in Islamic jurisprudence for the Muslim world. Despite the ban, merchants were more focused on commerce, often disregarding the consequences of their actions. In response, the Church intensified its support for the Crusades by convening councils where the issue of trading strategic goods with Muslims was addressed. The Church imposed excommunication on those who sold essential war materials to Muslims, and this prohibition was repeatedly renewed. The banned items included metals, timber (especially long wood, which was scarce in the region and crucial for shipbuilding), tar, weapons, sulfur, and horses. Even food and livestock could be subject to the ban. This article argues that merchants frequently defied these restrictions, continuing to trade in strategic war goods, which highlights the challenges faced by authorities in enforcing papal decrees.
Global Comparative Analysis of Renewable Energy Project Social Acceptance
Renewable energy initiatives need public support to adopt and sustain clean energy technology. Renewable energy infrastructure is good for the environment and economy, but many social, cultural, and political factors can affect its growth. an international analysis of public opinion on renewable energy projects, examining what drives support or opposition in different countries. Case studies from industrialized and emerging countries illuminate the relationship between public opinion, local pushback, policy, and stakeholder involvement in societal acceptance. investigates how environmental concerns, economic opportunities, cultural values, and government trust affect wind, solar, and hydropower. This study identifies social acceptance criteria to address public concerns and encourage community engagement in renewable energy projects. The findings emphasize the importance of understanding local settings, incorporating stakeholders early in the planning process, and spreading the benefits of renewable energy projects to gain social acceptance. Getting people to use renewable energy is a challenge and an opportunity.
The Role of Emotional Intelligence in Workplace Success: A Comparative Analysis of High and Low Performers
By comparing high and low performers in different organisational settings to determine the role of emotional intelligence (EI) in workplace success. In recent years, emotional intelligence—the capacity to recognise, name, analyse, and control one's own and other people's emotional states—has emerged as a critical component in establishing a person's level of professional success. leadership efficacy, interpersonal connections, decision-making, and stress management are all areas where EI has a significant impact on the workplace. We used a mixed-methods strategy to provide EI tests to a cross-section of workers who had already been classified as high or low performers according to their performance reports and peer judgements. finds significant disparities in EI competencies between the two sets of people and looks at how top performers use their EI to overcome obstacles, improve teamwork, and create a happy atmosphere at work. According to the results, those who score higher on the EI scale are more likely to have strong communication skills, effective methods for resolving conflicts, and a higher capacity to handle stress on the job. These traits lead to improved performance in the workplace. When compared to high performers, low performers' work productivity and relationships with coworkers are significantly affected by their lack of emotional awareness and regulation. Organisations should incorporate emotional intelligence training into employee development programs to improve workplace outcomes and boost overall organisational success, emphasising the role of EI in professional growth.
Digital Platforms and Transformations in Linguistics Teaching at the Contemporary University
This article aims to study the impact of digital platforms on the transformations of linguistics teaching within the contemporary university, by highlighting the changes that have affected teaching methods and the roles of educational actors in the context of digital transformation. University education has increasingly relied on digital platforms, which have provided an interactive learning environment that has contributed to diversifying knowledge sources, facilitating access to linguistic content, and enhancing students’ self-directed and collaborative learning. The study has shown that linguistics teaching has clearly benefited from these platforms, as it has become more connected to practical applications, such as the analysis of linguistic corpora and digital tools, which has contributed to developing students’ analytical skills. The article also indicates that this transformation has been accompanied by a change in the roles of the teacher and the student; however, it faces some challenges, such as weak digital infrastructure and the lack of pedagogical training in the digital field. The article concludes that digital platforms represent a fundamental lever for modernizing linguistics teaching, provided that an appropriate technical and pedagogical environment is established to ensure their effective use.
Role of Cardiac Rehabilitation Physiotherapy in Improving Quality of Life Post Myocardial Infarction
Patients who are recuperating from myocardial infarction (MI) can significantly improve their quality of life (QoL) with the utilisation of cardiac rehabilitation physiotherapy. The purpose of this structured program is to restore physical function, maintain heart health, and avoid recurrences by combining exercise training, patient education, and psychosocial support. Patients who have suffered a myocardial infarction frequently undergo physical deconditioning, emotional discomfort, and problems in their lifestyle, all of which can impair the rehabilitation process. a multimodal approach to cardiac rehabilitation that places an emphasis on the role that individualised physiotherapy therapies play in enhancing physical endurance, lowering the risk factors for cardiovascular disease, and addressing mental health difficulties such as anxiety and depression. Physiotherapy has been shown to be helpful in improving cardiac efficiency, lowering the number of times patients need to be readmitted to the hospital, and improving patients' general well-being, according to research that are supported by evidence. A number of important results, such as improved exercise tolerance, superior disease management, and enhanced emotional resilience, highlight the need of including physiotherapy into the usual protocols for cardiac rehabilitation. Physiotherapy for cardiac rehabilitation offers a holistic approach to improving health and quality of life for individuals who have had a myocardial infarction (MI) by treating both the physical and psychosocial elements of the condition.
Narrative Alienation and Representations of the Self and the Other in the Contemporary Arab Feminist Novel
Women’s venture into the realm of novelistic writing has marked a radical paradigm shift in the structure of contemporary Arab literary discourse. It has effectively destabilized the central male hegemony that had long been entrenched in the collective and cultural consciousness for centuries as the absolute "center of the universe" and existence. Feminist writing was by no means a mere aesthetic luxury or emotional outpouring; rather, it emerged as a conscious act of resistance. It initiated from a meticulous examination of the self and the depiction of its inner worlds, subsequently expanding to lay bare the underlying mechanisms of the patriarchal order. Furthermore, it lifted the veil on the manifestations of both physical and symbolic violence—such as oppression, exclusion, rape, and forced marriage—which women endure in their daily realities. This narrative shift has ignited a profound value-based and epistemological conflict within the contemporary feminist novelistic corpus, fundamentally reshaping the dialectical relationship between the feminine "Self" and the dominant "Other." In this context, the manifestations of violence inflicted upon women multiply as a deeply rooted structural phenomenon within the patriarchal authority. This violence does not stop at the boundaries of physical and material abuse; rather, it extends to encompass symbolic, cultural, and linguistic dimensions that reinforce what can be termed the "culture of silence." Consequently, it poses a direct threat and inflicts a genuine alienation upon the Arab feminine identity and its human essence.
The Psychology of Motivation: How Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivators Shape Behavior in Academic Settings
The psychology of motivation, with an emphasis on the ways in which extrinsic and intrinsic motivators affect behaviour in educational environments. Long-term learning outcomes, academic success, and student engagement are all significantly influenced by motivation. Deeper learning and long-term academic success are frequently associated with intrinsic motivation, which is fuelled by internal elements like enjoyment, intellectual curiosity, and personal interest. Although it may not necessarily result in long-term engagement or intrinsic value in the learning process, extrinsic motivation—which is fuelled by outside rewards or recognition, such as grades, praise, or future employment prospects—can also have an impact on students' academic behaviours. the dynamic interplay of extrinsic and intrinsic motivation in educational settings through student interviews and surveys at various educational levels. According to the results, extrinsic motivators can be significant short-term accelerators for accomplishment and goal-directed behaviour, but intrinsic motivation is a better indicator of long-term academic success and personal development. Furthermore, how the classroom atmosphere, social influences, and teacher assistance shape both forms of motivation. Teachers and legislators can create more successful plans to encourage motivation and advance improved learning outcomes by knowing how various motivators interact. In order to improve student performance and engagement, this study offers insightful information for developing educational systems and treatments that strike a balance between intrinsic and extrinsic motivators.
Variation in the Arabic Translation of Ferdinand de Saussure’s Course in General Linguistics: The Tunisian and Iraqi Translations as a Case Study
This study examines the variations in the translation of Ferdinand de Saussure’s Course in General Linguistics by comparing the Tunisian and Iraqi Arabic translations. It highlights the discrepancies in linguistic terminology resulting from the absence of standardization and coordination, which have led to differences in meaning as well as the emergence of certain errors and ambiguities. The study emphasizes the necessity of standardizing linguistic terminology in order to achieve more accurate scientific translation.
The Impact of Social Media on Adolescent Mental Health: An Exploration of Anxiety, Depression, and Self-Esteem
The effects of social media on the psychological well-being of adolescents, with a concentration on low self-esteem, despair, and anxiety. Social media has grown in importance among teenagers in recent years, impacting their relationships, sense of identity, and mental health. A lot of people are worried about the possible harmful impacts of social media on mental health, even while it allows people to interact, express themselves, and share information. the relationships between teenage anxiety, depression, and self-esteem and several components of social media use, including amount of time spent online, material genres ingested, and online interactions. Adolescents' social media use and other mental health indicators were the focus of a mixed-methods study we conducted. Excessive use and exposure to bad content are linked to increased levels of anxiety and sadness, revealing a complex relationship between social media use and mental health. It would suggest that some of the negative impacts can be mitigated through positive online interactions and supportive social networks, on the flip side. teens' vulnerability to the detrimental psychological impacts of social media use may be heightened by the moderating function of self-esteem. In order to promote adolescents' mental well-being, this study emphasises the significance of encouraging healthy online behaviours and self-care techniques, and it argues for a balanced approach to social media involvement.
The Reality of Employing the Teaching Methodology of Physical Education and Sports Lessons at the Secondary Level: A Field Study
This study aims to identify the reality of physical education and sports teachers' use of the teaching methodology for physical education and sports lessons at the secondary level, and to examine the extent to which this methodology contributes to the organization and success of the lesson. To achieve the objectives of the study, the descriptive approach was adopted, and a questionnaire was used as the data collection instrument. It was administered to a sample of 25 physical education and sports teachers working in several secondary schools in the Province of M'Sila. The findings of the study revealed that physical education and sports teachers employ a well-structured teaching methodology that contributes significantly to organizing lesson time, improving students' discipline, and enhancing their motivation to participate. This confirms the pivotal role of the teaching methodology in ensuring the success of physical education and sports lessons at the secondary level.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy vs. Psychodynamic Therapy: Efficacy in Treating Generalized Anxiety Disorder
The efficacy of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) against Psychodynamic Therapy (PDT) in treating Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). GAD is characterized by excessive and uncontrollable worry, leading to considerable distress and impairment in everyday functioning. While CBT has been widely acknowledged and backed by empirical research as an effective treatment for GAD, Psychodynamic Therapy, a more conventional technique, has also been utilised to address underlying emotional conflicts contributing to anxiety. the treatment benefits of these two techniques, concentrating on symptom reduction, emotional regulation, and overall life satisfaction. A randomized controlled experiment was undertaken with people diagnosed with GAD, who were assigned to either CBT or PDT treatment groups. The study examined anxiety levels, coping methods, and psychological well-being using standardized evaluations before and during the treatment period. The data imply that both CBT and PDT are effective in lowering anxiety symptoms, with CBT exhibiting faster and more consistent symptom alleviation. However, PDT was found to provide deeper insights into unconscious emotional conflicts and longer-term improvements in emotional regulation. the strengths and limitations of each therapy and suggests that the choice of treatment may depend on individual preferences, the severity of symptoms, and the desired long-term outcomes. The findings have implications for clinicians in selecting the most appropriate therapeutic approach for patients with GAD.
Criminal Protection of Waqf Real Property: A Study of Various Crimes
Waqf is regarded as a means of drawing closer to Allah, the Almighty. Its manifestations have expanded to include waqf institutions, which have undergone significant development. This has prompted the Algerian legislator to enact laws regulating the management of waqf property and, consequently, to ensure its protection, as stipulated in Article 52 of the 1996 Constitutional Amendment. The criminal protection of waqf property refers to addressing all acts of infringement that may affect it, whether committed by third parties or resulting from natural causes. The responsibility for monitoring such property has been entrusted to the Waqf Administrator (Wakil al-Awqaf). This study aims to examine in depth the legal provisions enacted by the legislator to protect waqf institutions and properties, while highlighting the need to impose stricter penalties on perpetrators of crimes against waqf. It does so by presenting the various offences committed against waqf property and emphasizing the necessity of adopting specific legislation for the protection of waqf real estate.
Attachment Styles and Their Influence on Adult Relationships: A Longitudinal Study
By analysing how early attachment experiences influence romantic relationships, friendships, and the dynamics of relationships in general, this longitudinal study explores the influence of attachment types on adult relationships. According to John Bowlby's attachment theory, a person's early interactions with their primary carers set the stage for how they will approach relationships in the future. a group of individuals over a five-year period, evaluating their attachment styles (disorganised, avoidant, anxious, and secure) and investigating how they affect communication styles, relationship satisfaction, emotional control, and conflict resolution. Surveys, in-depth interviews, and behavioural observations in a range of relationship scenarios were used to gather data. According to the research, secure attachment styles are linked to more stable, healthy adult relationships that are marked by emotional support, reciprocal trust, and efficient communication. People with anxious or avoidant attachment styles, on the other hand, frequently struggle with intimacy, conflict resolution, and emotional control, which leads to relationship instability and dissatisfaction. Furthermore, the study shows that attachment styles can change over time, and that therapeutic interventions may be able to promote secure attachment behaviours and enhance the quality of relationships. the significance of attachment styles in determining the calibre of adult relationships and imply that cultivating secure attachment styles could be a crucial element in advancing relational health.
The Problematic of the Burden of Proof and the Presumption of Innocence in Money Laundering Offences: A Study under Algerian Law and International Conventions
The study addressed the issue of the burden of proof and the presumption of innocence in money laundering crimes, highlighting the Algerian legislature's efforts to reconcile the principle of presumed innocence as a constitutional right with international obligations to combat such crimes, particularly by requiring the accused to justify the source of suspicious funds. Law 23-01, which amended Law 05-01, reflected this approach by establishing the possibility of confiscating funds even without a conviction and establishing the independence of the crime of money laundering from the original crime, reflecting a shift in the philosophy of proof towards judicial flexibility that takes into account the nature and complexity of the crime. However, despite its aim of enhancing the effectiveness of the fight against money laundering, this amendment has raised uncertainty about which party bears the burden of proof in such cases.
The Influence of Parenting Styles on Child Development: A Cross-Cultural Perspective
The impact of parenting practices on children's development from a cross-cultural standpoint, looking at how various cultural norms and values influence parenting techniques and, in turn, affect kids' social, emotional, and cognitive development. This study examines how parenting styles—authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and neglectful—appear in diverse cultural contexts and how they affect the outcomes of children, drawing on Diana Baumrind's groundbreaking approach. In order to find common themes and cultural differences in parenting styles, the study covers a varied sample of parents and kids from Western, Eastern, and Indigenous societies. Surveys, interviews, and parent-child interaction observations were used to gather data, with a focus on important topics like autonomy, communication, discipline, and emotional support. cultural variations in the acceptance and application of parenting approaches, with authoritative parenting consistently associated with favourable child outcomes like social competence, emotional control, and good academic achievement. However, differences in parenting methods were noted, with the cultural setting influencing the consequences of authoritarian and permissive approaches. Authoritarian parenting was linked to good family togetherness and respect for authority in collectivist cultures, but it was linked to children's anxiety and low self-esteem in individualistic cultures. provides insightful information for cross-cultural parenting education and policy-making, and highlights the significance of taking cultural values into account when assessing the consequences of parenting methods.
Strengthening Intellectual Property Rights at the National and International Levels under Criminal Legislation
Most national legislations, as well as international law, have addressed the protection of intellectual property against piracy, counterfeiting, and forgery since the nineteenth century. National and international legal systems have even resorted to criminal policy in this field due to its severity and its role in achieving general deterrence. However, is the application of this criminal policy suitable for the digital environment, which has become the primary platform relied upon by intellectual property owners to disseminate their electronic works? If criminal policy is indeed applicable to the protection of digital works in the digital environment characterized by complexity and by technologies intrinsically linked to intellectual property what is the legal nature of criminal protection for digital works in the digital environment, what is the scope of its intervention, and to what extent is it effective in strengthening the protection of intellectual property rights in the digital environment? These are the issues examined in this article entitled: Strengthening Intellectual Property Rights at the National and International Levels under Criminal Legislation.
A New Era in Biomedical Applications and Drug Delivery Systems: Nanomaterials
The remarkable properties of nanomaterials, including their diminutive size, large surface area, and malleability, have made them a potentially revolutionary resource in the fields of biomedicine and drug delivery systems. investigating the possibility of using nanoparticles to improve drug delivery, with an emphasis on increasing bioavailability, decreasing adverse effects, and directing the drug to certain tissues or cells. We investigate the efficacy of several nanoparticle, dendrimer, liposome, and nanocomposites systems as encapsulants and carriers of chemotherapeutic meds, proteins, and genetic materials, among other therapeutic agents. The article covers a wide range of topics related to medication delivery via nanoparticles, including potential toxicity, stability, and regulatory considerations. We also emphasize nanoparticles' contributions to individualized medicine by exploring their potential applications in diagnostics, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine. We need more research to solve the remaining obstacles and refine nanomaterial-based drug delivery systems for clinical application. We also need to make sure they are safe to deploy in biomedicine.
Objectives: This study aimed to identify the level of pain management among cancer patients. Methodology: The study was conducted on a purposive sample of 100 male and female cancer patients receiving treatment at Al-Zahrawi Hospital in M'Sila, Algeria. Data were collected using the Pain Management Strategies Questionnaire developed by Martin Stoffel et al. (2013), specifically the Arabic version translated by Taoulmit Shiraz (2024). After confirming the instrument's psychometric properties in the current study setting, the data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), Version 22. Descriptive and inferential statistical methods, including means, standard deviations, and significance tests, were employed to examine the study hypotheses. The descriptive research design was adopted as the most appropriate approach for the nature of the study. Results: The findings indicated a moderate level of pain management among cancer patients, with a mean score of 96.33. The results also revealed no statistically significant differences in pain management attributable to gender (male/female) or to the duration of illness.
Emerging Trends in Green Chemistry: Sustainable Solutions to Climate Change
The goal of sustainable chemistry, also called "green chemistry," is to lessen the negative effects of chemical production on the environment by reducing the amount of potentially harmful compounds used in chemical processes and products. Pollution, climate change, and the depletion of natural resources are just a few of the critical environmental problems that green chemistry may help solve. cutting-edge research in green chemistry, revealing novel approaches and tools for ecology protection. Developing more environmentally friendly solvents, increasing the use of renewable feedstocks, finding better ways to reduce waste through catalysis, and improving energy-efficient processes are all high on the list of research goals. Within the context of the circular economy, this article explores green chemistry, which is concerned with the production of chemicals through the use of previously used materials. Here you can find a comprehensive overview of green chemistry, including its current state, potential future directions for study and development, and the challenges that may prevent its broad use. These advancements demonstrate that green chemistry has the potential to lessen pollution in the industrial sector and make processes safer, cleaner, and more environmentally friendly.
The Scientific and Intellectual Efforts of Suleiman Pasha Al-Barouni (1870–1940)
This article aims to examine the scientific and intellectual efforts of Suleiman Pasha Al-Barouni by presenting these contributions and exploring the objectives he sought to accomplish through them. Al-Barouni established a distinguished presence in the field of scientific journeys, the founding of schools, the authorship of books, and the composition of poetry. He also sought to engage in journalistic activism and intellectual resistance through the written word. The study concludes that Al-Barouni maintained a significant presence across numerous fields of knowledge and culture, leaving evident imprints and remarkable contributions. Through these efforts, he sought to serve the Islamic nation and contribute to its progress and advancement. The spirit of struggle was also clearly reflected in his writings, which he employed as a platform for criticizing the difficult circumstances endured by Muslims under colonial domination, particularly in Libya.
Approaches and Challenges in Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions with Carbon Capture Chemistry
It is essential to have carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology in order to lessen the effects of climate change and global warming, which are caused by emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2). chemical elements involved in the process of removing CO2 from air and industrial pollution, with an emphasis on the many methods specifically employed for this objective. The oxy-fuel combustion procedures, post-combustion, and pre-combustion methods all employ chemical solvents, adsorbents, and membranes to remove CO2. possible new methods for the massive removal of CO2, such biological technology and direct air capture (DAC). Energy demands, cost, scalability, and long-term storage stability are some of the main obstacles that have prevented CCS from being widely used, even though there have been scientific improvements in the field. Legislative and regulatory frameworks, social and environmental acceptability, and related themes are also treated. By analyzing these methods and obstacles, we may better grasp carbon capture's potential as a game-changing tactic in the fight against climate change and the mitigation of CO2 emissions on a worldwide scale.
The Violation of Algerian Women’s Rights under French Colonialism – The Algerian Woman as a Case Study -A Socio-Historical Study-
During the French colonial period, Algerian women played an active and decisive role in the national resistance movement, performing a wide range of functions that included material and moral support as well as direct participation in revolutionary activities. In parallel, they were subjected to severe repressive policies, including torture, imprisonment, and widespread violations of their fundamental human rights. Despite this, they demonstrated remarkable resilience and maintained strict secrecy regarding revolutionary activities. They contributed in various capacities as combatants, couriers, and medical assistants. This study aims to highlight the role of Algerian women during the War of Liberation while shedding light on the abuses committed by the French colonial authorities against them.
Industrial and Chemical Applications of Ionic Liquids
The remarkable solvation capabilities, low volatility, and remarkable thermal stability of ionic liquids (ILs), a salt type, have recently garnered a lot of interest. The various useful properties of ILs make them ideal for usage in a wide variety of chemical and industrial processes. ionic liquids' impact on chemical reactions, particularly their use as green solvents, catalysts, and material transporters. Utilizing ILs can enhance selectivity, response rates, and operational sustainability while decreasing energy consumption and hazardous waste. Among their many applications are electrochemistry, biomass processing, and catalysis, because to their solubility in both polar and nonpolar substances. Following an overview of ILs' pricing, toxicity, and non-recyclability, the article delves into the ongoing research aimed at discovering solutions to these issues, along with their performance in industrial settings. The article's focus here is on how ionic liquids might help create more efficient and environmentally friendly chemical processes, which could have applications in areas like renewable energy, pharmaceuticals, and petrochemicals.
Human Resources Development in the Algerian Telecommunications Sector: Reality and Obstacles - A Field Study in Batna
The challenges and transformations imposed by the global economy today on economic institutions around the world require local institutions to deal with these rapid changes. As human resources are the main component of production processes, the present study aims at identifying the extent to which the Algerian economic institution coexists with these changes, as well as the most important obstacles encountered in applying human resources development methods. In order to do this, we conducted a case study in the Directorate of the Telecommunications Operation of the State of Batna, to highlight this phenomenon through the use of descriptive approach and the results are as follows:1 - The high degree of impediments to the application of methods of human resources development to greater than the average satisfactory at the discretion.2 - the low degree of obstacles to apply the guidance to below the average satisfactory at the scale of appreciation.3 - The high degree of impediments to the application of the composition and human relations to a greater than the average satisfactory at the discretion.
The State of Smart Digitalization of Public Procurement in Algerian Legislation
Technological development has had a significant impact on the activities of public administration in all fields, particularly in the area of public procurement. The procedures for awarding public procurement contracts have been influenced by this development, leading to the introduction of a new approach to procurement procedures that is consistent with technological advancements. This is the approach adopted by the Algerian legislator through the establishment of a dedicated electronic system (the electronic portal) to implement these procedures by issuing legislative legal provisions governing it, notably Law No. 23-12.
A New Era in Financial Risk Assessment and Management Made Possible by AI
Artificial intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing financial risk assessment and management in numerous ways, including more accurate forecasts, improved decision-making, and enhanced operational efficiency. how AI will alter the way the dynamic financial sector approaches risk management, assessment, and mitigation. Artificial intelligence (AI) uses strong machine learning algorithms, big data analytics, and natural language processing to enhance the ability to detect fraudulent activities, optimize portfolio management procedures, predict new threats, and assess creditworthiness. integrating AI into frameworks for managing financial risk, including liquidity risk, market risk, credit risk, and operational risk, among others [1]. The report discusses the requirements for legal frameworks, data privacy concerns, and algorithmic bias as some of the constraints and hurdles to AI adoption in the banking sector. The results demonstrate that AI has the potential to significantly improve risk management methods, but there are numerous technological, ethical, and regulatory hurdles to jump before AI is completely deployed. As the financial sector becomes more data-driven, it is essential that institutions get guidance on how to effectively incorporate AI into risk management strategies in order to guarantee increased accuracy, efficiency, and compliance.
The Ethical System in Islam Selected Hadiths from Sahih al-Bukhari
This article examines the concept of ethics in Islam, encompassing both commendable moral qualities that Islamic law advocates and reprehensible traits that it condemns and warns against. The study underscores that the domain of ethics in Islam is broad and multifaceted: it concerns the refinement of individual conduct, the cultivation of a virtuous society founded on social solidarity, and the promotion of affection and harmony among people. It further addresses family matters, including child rearing and marital companionship, as well as transactional ethics such as those governing buying and selling, and economic ethics like rationalizing consumption. This ethical scope extends to governance, which regulates the relationship between rulers and subjects, and to the treatment of non-Muslims. The research also presents illustrative models of this ethical system through authentic hadiths selected from Sahih al-Bukhari, revealing a dimension of Islam's beauty and affirming that Islam is the religion of sound primordial nature.
Credit Rating Agencies' Evolution and Impact on Global Financial Systems
Credit rating agencies (CRAs)' independence in assessing governments, firms, and financial instruments has shaped the world's financial institutions. CRAs have evolved from their early 1900s origins to their impact on financial markets today. How credit rating agencies (CRAs) have become important in investment decisions, regulatory frameworks, and market stability by looking at historical events like rating methodology evolution, the emergence of major agencies like Standard & Poor's, Moody's, and Fitch, and CRAs' role in financial crises. the challenges CRAs face, such as the growing need for impartial and diverse evaluations, transparency issues, and perceived conflicts of interest. New competition, technical advances, and changing regulatory constraints make the credit rating market dynamic. Credit reporting agencies (CRAs) have helped make markets more efficient, but the results suggest they will need to adapt to new issues and provide more accurate and transparent credit ratings. The paper concludes with numerous proposals to improve credit rating agencies' reliability and usefulness in today's financial system.
The Status of Reason in the Thought of Abdelkader Chereiet
This study examines the status of reason in the thought of Abdallah Cheriet, one of the leading Algerian philosophers who contributed significantly to the development of contemporary Arab philosophy. It analyzes his conception of reason as a critical instrument for understanding reality, renewing philosophical inquiry, and addressing the intellectual and cultural challenges facing Arab societies. The paper explores the philosophical foundations of his rational vision, highlighting the relationship between reason, heritage, and modernity, as well as his efforts to reconcile authenticity with openness to universal human thought. By adopting an analytical and descriptive approach, the study demonstrates that Cheriet viewed reason as the cornerstone of intellectual progress and civilizational renewal, advocating a balanced philosophy that combines critical reflection with cultural identity. The findings underscore the enduring relevance of his ideas to contemporary philosophical and cultural debates.
Stock Market Volatility and Interest Rate Changes: An Analysis
Interest rate fluctuations affect the financial markets in various ways, one of which is the volatility of the stock market. focus on how central bank policies and investor expectations impact stock values and trading patterns, as well as the relationship between interest rate fluctuations and instability in the stock market. Looking at historical data and real-world examples from various countries, we can see how interest rates impact company earnings, investor sentiment, and capital flows, all of which have an impact on stock market performance. investigates the relationship between interest rates, the cost of capital, investment decisions, and stock market stability. by examining the various sectors of the economy that are most impacted by shifts in interest rates. The findings suggest that investor expectations and the state of the economy as a whole can influence how the market reacts to interest rate hikes, even though these events often cause greater market volatility as a result of less liquidity and higher borrowing costs. providing policymakers and investors with recommendations for mitigating the risks associated with interest rate swings and making markets more stable.
The Efforts of Mālikī Scholars in the Development of Jurisprudential Theory through the Compositional Approach and Its Impact on the Formulation of Fatwas
This article examines the efforts of Mālikī scholars in the development of jurisprudential thought through the compositional approach and its impact on the formulation of fatwas. The Mālikī school has been distinguished by the diversity of its scholarly production, encompassing abridgments (mukhtaṣarāt), didactic poems (manẓūmāt), extensive treatises, and encyclopedic works of jurisprudence. These writings addressed the needs of students, jurists, and muftis, while facilitating the transmission and dissemination of Mālikī jurisprudence across generations. This study focuses on the significance of juridical works devoted to identifying the authoritative sources of fatwas within the school and to elucidating the methodologies employed by scholars in classifying legal texts and distinguishing authoritative works from non-authoritative ones. It does so through prominent scholarly models, including Nūr al-Baṣar fī Sharḥ Khuṭbat al-Mukhtaṣar by Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz al-Hilālī (d. 1175 AH), the Būṭalīḥiyyah didactic poem by Muḥammad al-Nābighah al-Ghalāwī al-Shinqīṭī (d. 1245 AH), and ʿAwn al-Muḥtasib fīmā Yuʿtamad min Kutub al-Madhhab by ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn al-Sālik al-ʿAlawī (d. 1398 AH), which is a commentary on the poem of Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad Fāl al-Tandaghi. The study further demonstrates that the methodology of abridgment constituted an important stage in the development of Mālikī legal writing, as it facilitated the presentation of juristic issues and ensured a gradual process of learning. Students would begin by memorizing legal texts and didactic poems before progressing to the study of their commentaries and marginal glosses, thereby developing their juristic competence. Nevertheless, abridgments were not intended to replace the original and comprehensive works; rather, they served as a means of systematizing jurisprudence and facilitating its acquisition. The study concludes that Mālikī legal writing in the field of fatwas was not merely a compilation of legal issues, but rather an integrated scholarly enterprise aimed at preserving the school, organizing its sources, and defining the principles governing ijtihād, juristic preference (tarjīḥ), and the issuance of fatwas. It also confirms that the major Mālikī legal works, with their rigorous methodologies of transmission, verification, and juristic preference, have remained fundamental references for judges, muftis, and researchers in the application of Islamic legal rulings and the treatment of emerging legal issues.
How Macroeconomic Factors Affect Stock Market Returns: A Global Perspective
Changes in broad economic indicators such as gross domestic product (GDP), inflation, interest rates, currency rates, and unemployment can have a significant impact on the stock market. a worldwide view of the influence of key macroeconomic variables on stock markets, with a focus on how shifting economic conditions affect market returns and investor behavior. In this cross-national study, how developed and emerging economies' stock markets are linked to key macroeconomic indices. Using econometric models, this study examines the impact of macroeconomic changes on stock prices, highlighting how various countries' economies, institutions, and market development stages influence their reactions. The findings suggest that country-specific factors such as fiscal policies, market liquidity, and investor attitude can often reduce the impact of macroeconomic variables on stock market performance. In its last section, the study examines the policy and investor consequences of these results, offering helpful information on how to predict market movements and reduce investment risks in different economic situations using macroeconomic factors.
The Right to Think in the Age of Artificial Intelligence: A Psycho-Educational Approach to Enhancing Cognitive Autonomy Among University Students
This study aims to measure the effectiveness of a proposed psycho-educational intervention program in enhancing cognitive autonomy and independent thinking among students of Amar Telidji University in Laghouat, in light of the rapid spread of generative artificial intelligence tools that have become threatening the ability to think critically and independently. The study adopted the quasi-experimental approach with a design of two experimental and active control groups with pre and post measurement, and the study sample consisted of (100) male and female students from the second and third year license distributed across different faculties of the university, divided into two equal groups (50 students in each group), where the experimental group received an intervention program consisting of seven weekly sessions while the active control group received general lectures on university study skills to ensure control of the Hawthorne effect. The study used three tools: the Cognitive Autonomy Scale, the Higher-Order Thinking Tasks Test, and the Attitudes toward Artificial Intelligence Questionnaire. The results of the Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) showed statistically significant differences at the level of (0.01) between the post-performance means of the two groups in favor of the experimental group, with a large effect size (η² = 0.47), indicating the effectiveness of the intervention program in enhancing cognitive autonomy and higher-order thinking skills among students. The study recommended the necessity of integrating psycho-educational programs into university curricula to protect the right to independent thinking and develop critical competencies in the age of artificial intelligence.
The Role of Homeopathy in Integrative Medicine: A Worldwide Survey
Homeopathy, an alternative medicine system based on the principle of "like cures like," has been the subject of heated controversy and widespread use for almost two centuries. Homeopathy is commonly included in integrative medicine, which encompasses conventional and alternative therapies to address the complete person (physically, psychologically, and emotionally). It is a subset of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). the role of homeopathy in complementary and alternative medicine from a global viewpoint, delving into its implementation in different countries, its impact on patient outcomes, and its role in healthcare systems. The purpose of this research is to gain a scientific and patient-centered understanding of homeopathic treatments by analyzing the literature, conducting clinical trials, and looking at case studies. Even tho some studies demonstrate promising results in treating mental health concerns, acute diseases, and chronic conditions, people remain skeptical due to the placebo effect and the difficulty of standardizing medicines, two impediments to scientific confirmation. the rules that regulate homeopathy, the duties of doctors and other medical professionals, and the law as it pertains to homeopathy.
Dialectic of the Will between Alienation and Recognition An Analytical Approach under Nietzschean Philosophy
This study aims to philosophically review the dialectic of the human will between alienation and recognition through Nietzschean philosophy. According to his perspective, human beings are constrained by alienation as they search for their true selves and identities within an eternal existential framework that continually diverts them from reality toward theology and the constraints of values, religions, and authority. While in his alienation, he has to seek recognition shaped by knowledge, truth, revolutionary thought, and new wisdom that replaces traditional philosophy. Through an analytical review of this dialectic, a discussion of alienation and recognition in human will, and an understanding of himself in relation to others under Nietzsche's deconstructive ideas, the study revealed that Nietzsche attributes alienation primarily to religion and authority, arguing that human destiny lies between alienation and recognition. Therefore, it recommended re-examining this dialectic in light of the digital age and robots.
Assessing the Role of Homeopathy in the Clinical Management of Chronic Diseases
Global health systems bear the brunt of the load that individuals with chronic diseases bring, as they often require long-term treatment strategies to alleviate symptoms and improve quality of life. Arthritis, diabetes, asthma, and heart disease are among these conditions. Supporters of homeopathy, an alternative medicine practice, argue that it can help manage chronic diseases by getting to the bottom of issues and enhancing the body's natural healing capabilities. reviewing data from research, including as patient surveys, observational studies, and clinical trials, to determine the efficacy of homeopathic remedies in the management of chronic conditions. the effectiveness of homeopathy in treating common chronic diseases, in particular how symptoms are reduced, how quickly the condition progresses, and the outcomes mentioned by patients. Despite some encouraging outcomes in pain treatment, inflammation reduction, and emotional wellbeing, skepticism around homeopathy is still fueled by methodological constraints and the difficulty in conducting meaningful clinical research. elements that lead to positive results, including as patient expectations, the placebo effect, and personalized treatment. Lastly, although homeopathy has promise in the management of chronic diseases, further large-scale, high-quality investigations are needed to bolster the evidence foundation and its role in conventional treatment programs.
Sheikh Ibrahim Abu al-Yaqzan: His Reformative Role, Intellectual Activity, and Associative Work (1920–1962)
This study aims to highlight the achievements of reformist figures who contributed to combating ignorance and illiteracy, through which the French colonial administration sought to efface the Algerian identity. The efforts of these figures served as a beacon of hope for the Algerian people. Prominent among them was Sheikh Ibrahim ibn Isa Hamdi "Abu al-Yaqzan", a pivotal figure in the Algerian reform movement who combined journalism, educational thought, and community associative work to offer an integrated model for comprehensive reform. This study analyzes three fundamental pillars of his reformative journey during the crucial period (1920–1962), a defining landmark in modern Algerian history: the press as a tool for shaping collective consciousness, educational thought as a methodology for civilizational renewal, and associative work as a practical mechanism for implementing reformist ideas.
Evaluating the Safety and Effectiveness of Homeopathy in Pediatric Care
Asthma, eczema, colic, teething pain, behavioral difficulties, and other pediatric conditions have seen a rise in the use of homeopathy as a possible therapy option in recent years. Homeopathy advocates claim it offers a mild and non-invasive alternative to conventional medicine, which may entice parents seeking holistic, personalized care for their children. However, there are still real concerns regarding the effectiveness and safety of homeopathic treatments for pediatric patients due to issues with scientific validation and a lack of large-scale, rigorous clinical trials. by reviewing the safety and effectiveness of homeopathy in pediatric treatment by examining previous clinical studies, observational data, and patient narratives. the potential benefits and risks of homeopathy as a treatment for common pediatric disorders, with a focus on symptom relief and overall health improvement. Some of the challenges in studying pediatric homeopathy include ethical considerations, the placebo effect, and the need for individualized treatment approaches.
Anthropological Structures in the Intangible Folk Culture of Southwestern Algeria
Intangible folk heritage constitutes a fundamental field of interest in cultural anthropology, as it encompasses symbolic systems that reflect patterns of collective thought and frame individual behavior within society. This heritage should not be regarded merely as folkloric expressions or forms of entertainment; rather, it represents a profound semantic structure in which social, religious, and symbolic dimensions intersect, making it an essential approach to understanding culture in its entirety. In the Algerian context, the significance of this heritage lies in its capacity to preserve the collective memory of the community and to serve as a means of reproducing values and norms, particularly in regions that continue to maintain traditional ways of life, as is the case in the Touat region.
A Comparison between Homeopathic and Conventional Pain Management
Patients with acute and chronic pain often seek out effective and alternative pain treatment options, highlighting the critical role of pain management in healthcare. Traditional pain treatment relies heavily on pharmaceutical interventions like opioids, anti-inflammatory drugs, and analgesics. In spite of this, many patients who are concerned about adverse effects, dependency, and long-term use have sought out alternative treatments like homeopathy. an examination of the results, risks, and effectiveness of traditional pain treatment compared to homeopathic medicines. the effectiveness of homeopathic remedies in reducing pain associated with various medical conditions, including nerve pain, postoperative pain, arthritis, musculoskeletal pain, and neuropathic pain, thru the examination of clinical trials, observational studies, and patient questionnaires. This research compares the effectiveness of homeopathy and conventional pain treatments, taking a look at both the short- and long-term outcomes. a more all-encompassing and personalized approach to treatment with fewer side effects is one of the potential benefits of homeopathy. It is challenging to evaluate homeopathy due to the placebo effect and other issues with research methodology. All things considered, homeopathy holds potential as an alternate or adjunct to conventional pain treatment, but further high-quality studies are required to validate its efficacy and indicate its proper clinical application.
Sports Media and Children's Value System: An Analytical Approach to Football Games
Sports media represents one of the most prominent forms of mass communication that profoundly influences collective consciousness by presenting various types of athletic content. This is especially evident given the widespread proliferation of modern technologies that have made sports a daily commodity accessible to all societal segments. Football matches, in particular, stand out as the most engaging athletic activity for children, forming a significant part of both their imaginary and real worlds during a developmental stage that serves as the solid foundation for future personality construction. It is during this period that core values, which guide individual behavior and social interactions, are established. Since the media, including sports media, plays a pivotal role in the socialization process, its impact on the children's value system becomes a subject worthy of rigorous research and analysis. Accordingly, this study aims to understand the nature of the relationship between sports media content directed at children, specifically football matches, and the values acquired by these children as a result of their exposure to and consumption of this type of media.
Critical Analysis of Homeopathic Remedies for Mental Health Disorders
Anxiety, depression, stress, and other mood disorders are becoming more common and significantly alter people's quality of life. Although they are widely used, conventional treatments such as psychotherapy and pharmaceuticals often come with downsides like addiction, ineffectiveness, and side effects. A growing number of people are considering homeopathy as a supplementary or alternative method of treating mental health concerns. Proponents of homeopathy say it offers a more holistic and individualized strategy. studying the theoretical foundations, empirical evidence, and therapeutic outcomes of homeopathic therapies for mental health concerns, in addition to their effectiveness. This study synthesizes data from clinical trials, observational research, and patient accounts to ascertain the efficacy of homeopathic remedies in the treatment of anxiety, depression, stress, and sleeplessness. Further challenges to evaluating homeopathy in mental health care include the one-of-a-kind nature of each patient's treatment, methodological issues, and the placebo effect. Although there has been some encouraging research, particularly in terms of symptom relief and improving mental health, the scientific evidence is still unclear.
Environmental Effects of Nuclear Explosions in The Algerian Sahara - Reggane as a Model.
Algeria suffered a lot of France’s crimes that targeted people and stones. Reggane, a region in the Algerian desert, is the place where France carried out its nuclear experiments targeting humans, plants, animals, water, air and the surrounding environment. The tranquility of Reggan was turned into nuclear dust that transformed its oases into a cemetery only to please the dreams of colonial France. These experiments remain a stain on France war record.
Recent Studies on Homeopathy and Immune System Modulation
The potential impacts of homeopathy, an alternative medicine technique based on the principle of "like cures like," on immune system modulation and overall health enhancement have piqued people's attention. Numerous immune-related conditions, such as autoimmune illnesses, chronic inflammation, and immune system dysregulation, have demonstrated encouraging responses to homeopathic medicine research. When it comes to altering immune responses, homeopathy could prove useful. homoeopathy's role in immune system modulation, highlighting its action mechanisms, clinical evidence, and potential therapeutic applications. Research implies that homeopathic therapies may influence immune cell activity, cytokine production, and inflammatory pathways, however the precise mechanisms by which they do so are still controversial and poorly understood. Clinical and observational research on immune-related diseases such allergies, rheumatoid arthritis, and asthma have shown mixed results, with some patients reporting improvement and others reporting no change from placebo. Despite methodological challenges including the complexity and uniqueness of studying homeopathic remedies, new insights into immunology and homeopathy are illuminating the potential connections between these medicines and the immune system. offer a summary of the potential benefits and drawbacks of homeopathy in immune system modulation, and suggest ways forward for research to elucidate its efficacy and underlying mechanisms.
Tutelary Censorship of Elected Local Councils in Algerian Legislation: The Municipal People's Council as A Model
The Algerian Legislator Enshrines the System of Tutelary Censorship of the Municipal People’s Council through A Set of Mechanisms Directed at Members of Local Councils, whether Individually or Collectively. This Tutelary Censorship Manifests itself in Various Forms, including Dismissal, Suspension, or Even Permanent Expulsion from the Council. Furthermore; Supervisory Bodies Exercise their Authority over Members Collectively through the Dissolution Mechanism, despite the Legislator's Stipulation that its application be Limited to Specific Contexts and Justifiable Circumstances. The Authority of Guardianship also Extends beyond Individuals to Include All the Actions of the Municipal Council, as these Actions are Subject to Tutelary Censorship for Approval or Cancellation if They Violate Applicable Laws and Regulations.
An Evidence-Based Approach to Homeopathy in Preventive Healthcare
Modern medicine would not be complete without preventive healthcare, the main aims of which are the reduction of illness and the improvement of general health. The potential use of complementary treatments like homeopathy in disease prevention has attracted attention. Conversely, vaccination, behavioral modifications, and early detection are the main tenets of conventional medicine. Based on the principle that "like cures like," homeopathy aims to enhance the body's inherent healing abilities thru the use of exceedingly dilute medicines. The function of homeopathy in preventive healthcare will be explored by examining fresh evidence regarding its effectiveness in sickness prevention, health optimization, and the enhancement of the body's resistance. A review of the literature on homeopathic treatments for the prevention of chronic diseases, improvement of immune function, and promotion of long-term health is presented. The research includes randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and case reports. Due to the personalized nature of treatment and the methodological challenges in performing large-scale trials, several research highlight the limitations of obtaining robust, definitive data. Some research suggests that homeopathy can help with chronic diseases such the common cold, the flu, and allergies, while other studies highlight the difficulties in determining homoeopathy's efficacy in this area. Thru a number of mechanisms, including immune system regulation and the establishment of balance within the body's energy system, homeopathy can improve preventative health.
French Detention and Torture Centers in the Touggourt Region During the Algerian War of Independence 1954-1962 AD "Dar Al-Doub Detention Center as a Model".
The torture and detention centers established by the French occupation in various parts of the homeland are generally considered dark points in France's black history in Algeria. France officially denied any connection to the torture operations and what was happening in Algeria. All killings, executions, burning of villages with internationally prohibited weapons, and nuclear tests in the Algerian desert were claimed by France to be pacification efforts. As for the operations carried out by the National Liberation Army, which destabilized its security, they were merely a group of outlaws who would soon be brought under control. Upon the outbreak of the Liberation Revolution and the subsequent years until independence, France established many torture centers, prisons, detention camps, and internment camps. What happened inside them to Algerians defies all description. To this day, France has not acknowledged what it did in Algeria, despite all the evidence and clues, including torture centers, remaining to this day. However, they will remain a testament to the brutal methods used by the French occupier against the Algerian people to sever their connection with the revolution and eliminate them, claiming the lives of thousands of Algerians, and cannot be dismissed by statute of limitations. In this research paper, we will attempt to address one of the French torture centers in the Touggourt region, and the most dangerous of all during the Liberation Revolution in the region, which is "Dar al-Doub Detention Camp." Inside it, the French occupation subjected the people of the greater Touggourt region in particular, and the Oued Righ region in general, to various brutal torture methods, such as torture using electric shocks, burning, severe beating, and other methods that will be mentioned in this research paper. Thus, the following problem arose: How did the French detention and torture centers in the Touggourt region, especially Dar al-Doub Detention Camp, contribute to the French repression strategy against the Liberation Revolution? To answer this problem, we developed a plan consisting of three main headings: the first is an introduction to torture centers, prisons, detention camps, and internment camps in general; the second is examples of French torture centers in the Touggourt region during the Liberation Revolution; and the third is dedicated to introducing Dar al-Doub Detention Camp in the Touggourt region.
A Thorough Examination of Homeopathy for the Treatment of Allergies
Worldwide, more and more people are seeking solutions to control the symptoms of allergic illnesses such as asthma, eczema, food allergies, seasonal allergies, and others. Traditional methods of symptom relief include antihistamines, corticosteroids, and immunotherapy; however, these approaches come with their own share of drawbacks and do not provide lasting relief. So, to get some relief from their problems, many people with allergies seek out alternative remedies like homeopathy. According to homoeopathy's central principle of "like cures like," the body's natural healing abilities are enhanced thru the use of exceedingly dilute medications. exploring the effectiveness of homeopathy as a treatment for allergies by evaluating pertinent clinical data, patient results, and potential action mechanisms. If you suffer from allergic rhinitis, asthma, or skin allergies, this review will help you figure out whether homeopathic therapies work. It integrates data from several study methodologies. Concerning the outcomes of this intervention, research has yielded contradictory conclusions. Some have shown reductions in symptoms and gains in quality of life, whereas others have highlighted methodological issues such tiny samples and the placebo effect. Regardless, many report significant symptom relief with homeopathic therapies, particularly with the use of individualized medicines. Although preliminary results are encouraging, more high-quality, well-designed research is necessary to validate the usefulness of homeopathy as an adjunct to allergy treatments and to define its role in allergy management.
France's Crimes on 8 May 1945: A Statistical Study Based on Historical Sources
The massacres of 8 May 1945 are among the important issues in the history of contemporary Algeria during the period of French occupation — issues that have remained lodged in the national memory and bound up with colonial France's tragic past. Historical sources have addressed them, and they continue to attract the interest of researchers and those concerned with the file of national memory, given their importance, their far-reaching repercussions, and the disagreements surrounding the final toll of victims. The French military and civilian authorities put forward divergent statistics through which they sought to minimize the scale of the extermination, whereas the Algerian estimates were closer to the truth of the colonial repression, while foreign figures (British, American, and even Arab) presented a more neutral toll that highlighted the atrocity of what the French committed against an unarmed people who had come out in peaceful demonstrations calling for the application of the principle of peoples' right to self-determination.
Homeopathy and Conventional Pediatric Treatments: A Comparison
More individuals are wondering and debating homeopathy's role in pediatrics. Parents seeking safer treatments for a number of pediatric ailments are turning to homeopathy because to its tailored approach and perceived less adverse effects. How well homeopathic medicines compare to conventional medicine for treating asthma, eczema, colic, and upper respiratory tract infections in children. The study uses RCTs, observational studies, and case reports to compare therapeutic outcomes. Traditional medicine treats symptoms faster with pharmaceuticals, but homeopathy treats the cause and promotes health from the inside out, making it better in the long run. The evidence for homeopathy's effectiveness in pediatric treatment is inconclusive due to methodological concerns such small study sizes, lack of uniformity, and difficulty differentiating the placebo effect. More thorough clinical trials are needed to evaluate if homeopathy is a promising complementary medication, especially for chronic conditions, to develop clear guidelines for its use in pediatric treatment. Large-scale studies are needed to assure the safety, efficacy, and right use of homeopathic medicines for children.
Early Graduation Rituals: A Sociological Analysis of Celebration Practices of the Primary Education Certificate in Algeria Through Digital Video Content
This article examines the phenomenon of early graduation rituals among primary school pupils in Algeria as an emerging social practice that reflects transformations in perceptions of academic success and the functions of the school as an educational institution. The study aims to deconstruct the symbols and practices accompanying these rituals and to analyze their presence in the digital space, particularly on the “TikTok” platform, in order to better understand their symbolic and social dimensions. The findings of the analysis show that these celebrations are not merely moments of collective joy; rather, they represent a symbolic reproduction of success in which the performative and consumerist dimensions intersect with the educational one. The child is granted symbolic capital that circulates through digital imagery. The study also reveals that these rituals constitute a dual response: on the one hand, they satisfy a social need for recognition and visibility; on the other, they compensate for a collective anxiety regarding the fragility of educational attainment.
The Impact of Cartoon Translation on The Formation of The Culture of The Algerian Child "Sally" as a Model.
This study examines the impact of translating animated cartoons on shaping the cultural awareness of Algerian children, using the Japanese animated series Sally as a case study. It explores how dubbing and translation transfer linguistic, social, and cultural values from the source culture to the target audience, influencing children's perceptions, behaviors, and identities. The study highlights the role of audiovisual translation as more than a linguistic process, emphasizing its contribution to cultural mediation and value transmission. By analyzing the translated version of Sally, the paper discusses the extent to which translated cartoons preserve, adapt, or transform cultural elements to suit the Algerian context. The findings underline the importance of culturally sensitive translation in balancing entertainment with educational and identity-building objectives for young audiences.
Analyzing Sentiment thru Natural Language Processing: A Comparison of Machine Learning Models
With the help of Natural Language Processing (NLP), sentiment analysis has become much more effective, allowing businesses to glean insights from textual data like reviews, social media posts, and consumer feedback. an analysis of different sentiment analysis machine learning models, including classics like Naive Bayes and Support Vector Machines (SVM) and more recent algorithms like Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), and Transformer-based models like BERT. Finding out how well each model does on various datasets allows us to compare and contrast their accuracy, scalability, and processing speed. features, data preparation, and the effects of employing language models that have already been trained. help researchers and practitioners optimize sentiment analysis applications across different industries by shedding light on how to choose the best model for different sentiment analysis jobs.
Quality of Life in Patients with Chronic Pain
This study aimed to identify the level of quality of life among chronic pain patients and to reveal differences in quality of life according to the variables of gender and marital status. The study relied on a descriptive approach, and the World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale, the short version, was applied to a sample of 40 male and female patients suffering from chronic pain, and the SPSS statistical package was used. The results showed that the level of quality of life among chronic pain patients was low. The results also showed that there were no statistically significant differences in the level of quality of life attributable to the variables of gender and marital status. The study concluded that it is necessary to adopt a comprehensive therapeutic approach, both medical, psychological and social, with the aim of improving the quality of life for chronic pain patients.
Machine Learning Improves Crop Yield Prediction in Precision Agriculture
With the use of machine learning (ML) integrated into precision agriculture, farmers can now make data-driven decisions that improve crop yield forecast and maximize resource efficiency, completely changing the game when it comes to crop management. the influence of ML on precision farming, particularly how ML tools improve agricultural production predictions thru data analysis of various types (e.g., weather, soil, and crop health indicators). Machine learning algorithms like decision trees, regression models, and deep learning approaches allow farmers to better understand their data, which in turn improves their predictions and informs their farming practices. the possibilities for increasing agricultural output thru the integration of remote sensing and IoT technologies, the difficulties encountered during data collecting and model implementation, and the effective uses of ML for predicting crop yields. In the end, the results show how machine learning may revolutionize precision agriculture, providing clues about what is to come in terms of sustainable agricultural methods.
The Power–Legitimacy Syndrome in International Law (The Threat of Territorial Annexation as a Mechanism for the Reproduction of Legal Norms)
Since its modern inception, international law has been structured around a persistent structural tension between its normative claim to restrain the use of force and to regulate international relations on the basis of sovereign equality, and the reality of power asymmetries that effectively govern international practice. International law does not eliminate the logic of power; rather, it reintegrates it within a legal framework that delineates spheres of prohibition and authorization, thereby allowing legal rules to be reinterpreted in light of prevailing power configurations. In this context, the practices of great powers acquire particular significance, insofar as they actively contribute to redefining the substantive content of legal norms and the limits of their binding force, not only through explicit violations, but also through the normalization of threatening discourse and its incorporation into what becomes legally tolerable. The statement by former U.S. President Donald Trump regarding the annexation of Greenland constitutes a revealing illustration of this shift: its significance lies not merely in the potential infringement of territorial integrity, but primarily in the instrumentalization of the threat of force as a means of implicitly renegotiating the legal norm itself. Tolerance of such practices leads to the erosion of compliance and the undermining of sovereign equality, resulting in a transformation of legitimacy from a normative, rule-based conception to a factual legitimacy grounded in the imposition of faits accomplis. Consequently, international law continues to operate not as an effective constraint on power, but as a discursive framework that enables its justification and the reproduction of dominance within a system that nonetheless claims legal authority.
An Investigation into the Impact that Naturopathy and Ayurveda Have on Cystic Fibrosis Patients
A hereditary illness known as cystic fibrosis (CF) causes inflammation, malnutrition, and chronic respiratory infections; it mostly impacts the digestive system and lungs. Naturopathy and Ayurveda are alternative therapies that have recently come to light as possible ways to alleviate CF symptoms and delay the disease's progression, while mainstream treatments concentrate on symptom management and disease progression slowing. an exhaustive examination of the therapeutic methods utilized by Ayurveda and Naturopathy in their treatment of Cystic Fibrosis patients. Natural therapies like medicines, dietary changes, cleansing, and breathing exercises are used to restore optimal function and balance the body's doshas, according to the main principles of Ayurveda and Naturopathy. There is talk of the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and respiratory effects of Ayurvedic remedies, which include herbal formulations such as Turmeric (Curcuma longa), Ginger (Zingiber officinale), and Pippali (Piper longum). Hydrotherapy, nutritional supplements, and detoxification procedures are some of the naturopathic treatments that are studied for their potential to improve CF patients' gut health and lung function.
French Grammar in the Written Work of Higher Education Students (The Case of Medical Students): A Question of Comfort or Linguistic Insecurity
In higher education, students' linguistic insecurity affects their productivity. We are interested through this study in the impact of this phenomenon on written production among second-year medical students in Ben-Aknoun, Algiers. Noting that this study is part of the field of writing and teaching French on specific objectives (FOS), we will try to conduct a double analysis: quantitative through a questionnaire provided to students and qualitative using an analysis of certain student notes. Our objective is to identify the factors of linguistic insecurity and to show how linguistic discomfort could affect the scriptural competence of medical students. To better understand the problem in relation to our audience, an interview with the teacher of the training language module guided us towards educational responses adapted to these learners aimed at strengthening linguistic and scriptural skills related to medical discourse.
Sanshamani Vati and Mahalaxmivilas Rasa Ayurvedic Formulation Quality Standardization Study
Formulations such as Sanshamani Vati and Mahalaxmivilas Rasa have long been used for their medicinal advantages in traditional Ayurvedic treatment. The necessity to standardize these formulations is growing, nevertheless, to guarantee consistency, quality, and safety as Ayurvedic medications become more popular in contemporary healthcare regimes. the verification of Sanshamani Vati's and Mahalaxmivilas Rasa's quality, two famous Ayurvedic remedies used for a wide range of ailments, including respiratory troubles, gastrointestinal problems, and overall health. Identifying and quantifying important bioactive ingredients, determining suitable dosages, and evaluating the efficacy of the formulations are significant factors of standardization. To determine what chemicals are in these mixes, scientists use methods including spectroscopic analysis, HPLC (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography), and thin-layer chromatography. In addition, these formulations must be tested for their stability, safety profiles, and pharmacokinetic properties to guaranty they are up to date with quality control requirements.
Women's Leadership in Politics and Literature: Zhor Ounissi as a Model
This study examines women's leadership in politics and literature through the career of the Algerian writer and political figure Zhor Ounissi. It highlights the historical marginalisation of women in Arab and Algerian societies and considers women's political participation, particularly in Algeria, within the context of legal, social, and cultural constraints. The study presents Ounissi as a pioneering model of female leadership, emphasising her political responsibilities, cultural contributions, literary career, and engagement with questions concerning women's status in society. It also explores her representation of Algerian women's sacrifices during the War of Liberation and her contribution to women's writing. The study concludes that Ounissi's political and literary presence represents an important step towards challenging patriarchal structures and strengthening women's participation in intellectual, professional, and public life.
An Analysis of Cannabis Sativa, a Hybrid of Industrial Hemp and Traditional Ayurvedic Herbs
Ayurvedic practitioners have relied on the medicinal benefits of Cannabis Sativa—a plant more often associated with intoxication—for a variety of ailments for generations. The non-psychoactive variety of hemp, however, has garnered interest for possible medical uses due to its usage in industrial hemp fiber. ancient Ayurvedic practices involving Cannabis Sativa, with an emphasis on the non-psychoactive aspects of the plant and the therapeutic properties of hemp fiber in particular. The many Ayurvedic remedies that contain hemp, such as those for better digestion, less pain, less inflammation, and better health in general. the cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids that make up Cannabis Sativa, as well as their pharmacological characteristics and the science behind how they work. The study goes on to talk about how industrial hemp is becoming more popular as a sustainable and environmentally friendly fiber source for things like building materials, textiles, and even medicine. The necessity for additional research to confirm and standardize Ayurvedic methods using Cannabis Sativa, guaranteeing its security and effectiveness in contemporary medical contexts.
Representations of Social Reality in the Algerian Sahara in the Writings of Isabelle Eberhardt
Human beings are closely connected to place, through which relationships among individuals are established and their characteristics become firmly rooted. Place plays a pivotal role in shaping human perceptions of reality; it is not merely a geographical location, but rather a space of belonging and an embodiment of identity. It encompasses memories and shared experiences within its boundaries. The Algerian Sahara constitutes a distinctive setting in which various social relationships have taken root, reflecting solidarity and cooperation as essential means of survival and continuity in this harsh environment. This makes it a fertile space for the development of human interaction that is distinctive from that found in other environments. Such characteristics have attracted the particular attention of many anthropologists and Western travelers, including Isabelle Eberhardt, who devoted considerable interest to studying patterns of life and social interaction in the region, viewing it as an environment that reveals patterns of social cohesion, complex tribal affiliations, and diverse customary practices. How, then, did Isabelle Eberhardt portray the social reality of the Algerian Sahara through her representation of family relationships, love, marriage, and prostitution? What are the various meanings and implications embodied in her writings?
Impact of Green Building Design on Energy Efficiency
The building sector is a major consumer of energy and an important source of greenhouse gas emissions. Green building design seeks to reduce energy demand while maintaining thermal comfort, indoor environmental quality, and functional performance. This paper examines the impact of green building design on energy efficiency, focusing on passive design, building envelopes, daylighting, natural ventilation, heating and cooling systems, lighting, renewable energy, smart controls, and building performance evaluation. Evidence from systematic reviews indicates that energy efficiency in sustainable buildings depends on an integrated combination of architectural design, efficient technologies, renewable energy, and effective operation. Greenery systems can reduce solar radiation and heat transfer through building envelopes in suitable climates, while building energy-efficiency strategies can lower energy demand through improved envelopes, efficient equipment, and control systems. The paper argues that the greatest benefits are achieved when energy performance is addressed from the earliest design stage rather than through isolated technological additions. At the same time, actual performance can differ from predicted performance because of occupant behaviour, maintenance, commissioning, and operational practices. Green building design should therefore be understood as a whole-building strategy supported by simulation, monitoring, post-occupancy evaluation, and appropriate energy-performance standards.
Algerian Female Captives in Early Modern Europe: Between Forced Baptism and Voluntary Conversion
This study examines the factors surrounding the displacement and conversion of Algerian women in Europe during the Ottoman era (16th–19th centuries). It aims to analyze how corsair activity, European coastal incursions, and Spanish occupations facilitated the capture of these women. Furthermore, it investigates the mechanisms governing their transition to Christianity, differentiating between forced baptism and voluntary apostasy. The findings indicate that maritime captivity was the primary driver of forced displacement, leading to slave markets and mandatory baptism in European convents. However, conversion was not entirely coercive; cases like Thurayyā demonstrate that domestic interaction with Christian bondwomen and enticing promises of freedom also fostered voluntary conversion. Ultimately, female conversion reflected a complex interplay between imperial rivalry, religious coercion, and individual agency.
Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and the Future of Digital Transformation
Artificial intelligence and machine learning are becoming central technologies in the continuing transformation of organizations, industries, and digital economies. Digital transformation involves more than adopting new software; it requires organizations to redesign processes, develop data-driven capabilities, improve customer experiences, and create new forms of value. AI and machine learning can accelerate this transformation through automation, predictive analytics, intelligent decision support, personalization, process optimization, and the development of new digital products and services. This paper examines the role of artificial intelligence and machine learning in the future of digital transformation, focusing on intelligent automation, data-driven decision-making, customer experience, business process transformation, innovation, workforce transformation, cybersecurity, organizational agility, and governance. AI can help organizations process large volumes of information and identify patterns that support faster and more informed decisions. Machine learning can improve forecasting and operational efficiency by adapting to changing data. At the same time, successful transformation depends on organizational readiness, digital skills, data quality, technological infrastructure, and effective leadership. Major challenges include privacy, cybersecurity, algorithmic bias, workforce displacement, explainability, technology dependence, and the cost of implementation. The paper argues that AI and machine learning should be embedded within broader digital strategies rather than treated as isolated technologies. Organizations that combine intelligent technologies with human expertise, responsible governance, continuous learning, and customer-centred innovation are more likely to achieve sustainable digital transformation.
The Feminine Cultural System and Representations of Human Integration between the Self and the Other: Adham Sharqawi’s Novel Nabd as a Model
The conditions imposed by the contemporary cultural context on postmodern critical discourse have made feminine identity a central problematic in establishing an integrative union between the self and the other and in formulating a foundational system that transcends the concepts of superiority, hierarchy, and discrimination entrenched by dominant culture. This has prepared the feminine subject to emerge in a form that rejects all manifestations and repercussions of masculine domination. From this perspective, the present approach seeks to investigate the feminine cultural system and the representations of human integration between the self and the other, with the aim of revealing the implicit cultural dimensions through which the image of woman is manifested within narrative discourse. It proceeds from the premise that the novel establishes an integrative relationship between the self and the other, founded on affection, compassion, union, and fidelity, far removed from the constraints of domination and conflict. The study explores representations of woman through her firmly established relationship with the other, as manifested in her emotional, aesthetic, ethical, and even epic presence. It ultimately concludes that femininity in the novel constitutes a thematic motif that embodies various human values. It is precisely here that the effectiveness of systemic cultural criticism becomes evident in uncovering the cultural structures embedded within the fabric of the novel.
Astrology and Cultural Traditions: A Comparative Study
Astrology has developed in diverse cultural settings and has been used to interpret celestial patterns, human affairs, time, social order, and important life events. Although different traditions share an interest in the relationship between the sky and human society, their concepts, calendars, symbols, techniques, and cultural meanings differ substantially. This paper presents a comparative study of astrological traditions, focusing on Mesopotamian celestial divination, Indian jyotisha, Chinese astrological traditions, and Western or Hellenistic astrology. The comparison examines historical development, cosmological ideas, zodiac systems, calendars, social functions, relationships with religion and governance, and contemporary transformation. Historical scholarship indicates that astrology developed through both local traditions and intercultural exchanges, while some systems also developed independently. Indian astrology, for example, interacted with Hellenistic and other traditions while developing distinctive South Asian forms; Chinese calendrical astronomy followed a substantially different developmental trajectory. The paper argues that astrology is best understood as a culturally embedded system rather than a single universal practice. Comparing traditions highlights both shared human interest in celestial order and the importance of local cultural contexts in shaping astrological knowledge.
Arbitration of the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes
Arbitration has become a feature of the modern era. The use of arbitration as a means of resolving disputes has increased because it offers advantages that overloaded state courts cannot provide. It also benefits contracting parties from different countries by sparing them the problem of not knowing the substantive and procedural rules of foreign law. Furthermore, the significant growth in trade and investment has led to the widespread adoption of arbitration and its expansion at an international level, thereby increasing its importance and necessitating appropriate consideration. Arbitration is clearly accepted in most countries across their legal, economic and social systems. However, this acceptance is not limited to viewing arbitration as the optimal means of resolving disputes arising solely from domestic and international relations. Rather, it also serves as a necessary incentive arising from these relations and their development, achieving benefits for both producing and consuming states.
Astrology and Its Influence on Personal Decision-Making
Astrology has long been used by individuals as a framework for interpreting personal experiences, future possibilities, relationships, career choices, and important life events. In contemporary society, horoscopes, birth charts, planetary interpretations, and digital astrology platforms continue to influence how some people think about personal decisions. This paper examines the influence of astrology on personal decision-making, focusing on career decisions, relationships, financial choices, education, major life events, uncertainty, self-reflection, cultural influences, and the limitations of astrological guidance. Astrology may provide individuals with a symbolic language for organizing thoughts and reflecting on possible choices, particularly during periods of uncertainty. For some individuals, astrological interpretations may increase confidence or provide a sense of direction. At the same time, decisions based exclusively on astrological predictions can overlook practical evidence, personal circumstances, and alternative perspectives. The paper therefore considers astrology primarily as a cultural and reflective influence rather than a scientifically established decision-making method. A balanced approach allows individuals to recognize the personal and cultural meaning of astrology while using reliable information, critical thinking, and practical evaluation when making important decisions.
The Role of the Family Environment in Shaping a Child's Personality
This Study examines the role of the family environment in shaping a child’s personality and supporting healthy psychological, social, and moral development. It highlights the family as a primary institution of socialization and explores its influence on the child’s behavior, emotional stability, values, and interpersonal relationships. The study discusses the foundations and mechanisms of family upbringing, different parenting patterns, and the significance of understanding childhood needs and developmental characteristics. It also emphasizes the importance of providing a supportive, balanced, and stimulating family environment that meets children’s material and emotional needs. The article argues that effective family interaction and appropriate educational practices contribute significantly to the development of a well-adjusted and socially competent personality.
Impact of Machine Learning on Predictive Decision-Making in Organizations
Machine learning has become an important analytical technology for organizations seeking to improve predictive decision-making. By identifying patterns in historical and real-time data, machine learning models can support forecasting, risk assessment, demand planning, customer analysis, fraud detection, resource allocation, and operational management. This paper examines the impact of machine learning on predictive decision-making in organizations, focusing on data-driven forecasting, business planning, risk management, customer insights, financial decisions, supply chain management, human resource planning, decision quality, and implementation challenges. Machine learning can process large and complex datasets more efficiently than many traditional analytical approaches and can identify relationships that may not be immediately visible to decision-makers. Predictive models can therefore improve the timeliness and consistency of organizational decisions. However, the value of machine learning depends strongly on data quality, model validity, explainability, organizational readiness, and the ability of managers to interpret predictions appropriately. Prediction does not eliminate uncertainty, and model outputs can be affected by historical bias, changing market conditions, missing information, and inappropriate assumptions. The paper argues that machine learning should be used as a decision-support capability rather than an unquestionable replacement for managerial judgement. Organizations can achieve greater value when predictive models are combined with human expertise, continuous monitoring, ethical governance, and clear accountability. Responsible implementation can strengthen planning, responsiveness, and organizational performance while reducing the risks associated with poorly interpreted or poorly governed automated predictions.
Learner Engineering in the Context of Digitalization: A Sociological-Educational Approach to Pedagogical Transformations
This study examines learner engineering in the context of digitalization from a sociological and educational perspective, with the aim of analyzing the pedagogical transformations generated by the digital revolution and their implications for the educational system. It begins by examining the broader context of digital transformations, with particular emphasis on the role of artificial intelligence, distance education, and digital platforms in reshaping learning environments and modes of knowledge production. It also investigates the impact of digitalization on educational institutions, particularly schools and universities, by highlighting changes in the roles of both teachers and learners and the transition toward an educational model based on interaction, self-directed learning, and the development of digital competencies. The study further discusses the concept of educational engineering as an approach to designing the educational process and integrating digital technologies in ways that enhance the quality and effectiveness of learning. Within a sociological-educational framework, it analyzes the nature of social interactions within digital learning environments and the resulting transformations in communication patterns and pedagogical relationships. It concludes that digitalization represents a significant opportunity to develop pedagogical practices and improve educational outcomes. At the same time, however, it raises challenges related to the digital divide, the qualification of human resources, and the need to ensure the responsible and effective use of modern technologies. Addressing these challenges requires a reconsideration of educational policies to ensure their alignment with the requirements of the digital society.
Machine Learning Approaches for Fraud Detection and Financial Risk Management
Financial fraud and risk have become increasingly complex as financial transactions move across digital platforms, banking systems, payment networks, and interconnected business environments. Machine learning provides analytical approaches that can identify unusual transaction patterns, classify potentially fraudulent activities, estimate risk, and support continuous monitoring. This paper examines machine learning approaches for fraud detection and financial risk management, focusing on supervised learning, unsupervised anomaly detection, transaction monitoring, credit risk assessment, behavioural analysis, model evaluation, real-time detection, explainability, and implementation challenges. Machine learning can process large volumes of financial data and identify relationships that may be difficult to detect through traditional rule-based systems. Supervised models can learn from historical examples of fraudulent and legitimate transactions, while unsupervised approaches can identify unusual patterns when labelled fraud data are limited. These methods can improve detection speed and support more targeted investigations. However, financial fraud detection involves significant challenges, including imbalanced datasets, false positives, changing fraud strategies, data quality, privacy, model drift, explainability, and regulatory requirements. The paper argues that machine learning should complement rather than completely replace established controls and professional investigation. Effective systems require high-quality data, continuous monitoring, appropriate model evaluation, human oversight, and strong governance. When integrated responsibly with existing financial control systems, machine learning can strengthen fraud prevention, risk assessment, operational efficiency, and organizational resilience.
Noble Lineage (Sharīfianism) in the Central Maghreb: Between Symbolic Legitimacy and Social Functions (7th–9th Centuries AH / 13th–15th Centuries AD)
This study addresses the issue of Noble Lineage (al-Nasab al-Sharīf) in the Central Maghreb, examining it not from the perspective of verification or refutation, nor merely as a biological affiliation, but as a constitutive element of the social fabric and a vital historic force. This role was dictated by the prestigious standing held by the Prophet’s Household (Ahl al-Bayt) within wider society and among political authorities alike. Consequently, political rulers viewed noble lineage through a symbolically significant lens that transcended intra-tribal blood ties. It served to regulate relations between the jurists (fuqahāʾ) and Sufis while preserving equilibrium between the state and society. As a result, affiliation with the Sharīfian domain became highly coveted, prompting numerous individuals to forge claims to noble descent in order to secure the privileges and social status accorded to the Sharīfs by both society and the political elite. This phenomenon ultimately gave rise to the question of maternal Sharīfian descent, wherein a segment of the population claimed noble lineage through their mothers. This sparked divergent positions among jurists and Sufis, who issued fatwās (legal opinions) either affirming or denying the validity of maternal lineage
Machine Learning for Personalized Recommendation Systems
Personalized recommendation systems have become an important application of machine learning across e-commerce, entertainment, digital media, education, social platforms, travel, and online services. These systems analyze information about users, items, interactions, preferences, and contextual conditions to predict which products, services, or content may be relevant to individual users. This paper examines machine learning for personalized recommendation systems, focusing on collaborative filtering, content-based approaches, hybrid models, contextual recommendations, deep learning, user behaviour analysis, evaluation, personalization quality, privacy, and implementation challenges. Machine learning can help organizations manage information overload by presenting users with a smaller set of potentially relevant choices. Effective recommendations can improve customer engagement, discovery, satisfaction, and service personalization. However, recommendation systems also face challenges such as cold-start problems, sparse data, popularity bias, filter bubbles, privacy concerns, algorithmic bias, lack of transparency, and changing user preferences. Recommendation accuracy alone is not sufficient because users may also value diversity, novelty, fairness, and serendipity. The paper argues that successful recommendation systems should combine appropriate machine learning methods with high-quality data, contextual understanding, responsible personalization, and continuous evaluation. Human-centred design and transparent data practices are important for building trust. When responsibly implemented, machine learning can create recommendation experiences that are more relevant while supporting both user satisfaction and organizational objectives.
Ownership Structure and the Likelihood of Financial Distress: Evidence from Joint-Stock Companies in Sétif, Algeria
The study aims to shed light on the importance of ownership structure indicators represented by: ownership concentration, ownership of members of the board of directors and members of executive management in predicting the financial failure of companies, by collecting and analyzing data for 16 companies with shares in the state of Setif for a period of 6 consecutive years, using the logistic regression method. The study found that there is no statistically significant effect for ownership concentration, ownership of members of the board of directors, and members of executive management in predicting the financial failure of companies, which is attributed to the nature of the ownership structure of most of the companies under study, which are characterized by high ownership concentration due to the state’s control over all shares, which makes these oversight mechanisms weak in impact.
The Future of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Digital Transformation
Artificial intelligence and machine learning are emerging as major drivers of digital transformation across businesses, public institutions, and industries. Digital transformation involves the integration of digital technologies into organizational processes, services, business models, and decision-making. AI and machine learning extend this transformation by enabling intelligent automation, predictive analytics, personalization, natural language processing, and adaptive decision support. This paper examines the future of artificial intelligence and machine learning in digital transformation, focusing on intelligent automation, data-driven decision-making, customer experience, business innovation, workforce transformation, cybersecurity, digital infrastructure, organizational agility, and responsible governance. AI can help organizations process large amounts of information, identify patterns, automate repetitive tasks, and generate insights that support faster responses to changing conditions. Machine learning can improve predictive capabilities by learning from historical and real-time data. At the same time, future adoption will be influenced by data quality, computing infrastructure, digital skills, investment requirements, privacy, cybersecurity, algorithmic bias, explainability, and changing regulatory expectations. The paper argues that AI and machine learning will increasingly become embedded within core organizational systems rather than operating as separate technological applications. Sustainable digital transformation will depend on combining these technologies with human expertise, organizational learning, ethical governance, and customer-centred strategies. Organizations that build flexible digital capabilities and responsible AI practices are likely to be better prepared for future technological and competitive changes.
The Smart Digital Environment in Algerian Port Organizations: Implementation Requirements and Application Constraints-A Case Study of Skikda Port
This study aimed to shed light on the current status of the requirements and obstacles associated with the digital transformation toward a smart digital environment in port institutions, given that such transformation constitutes a fundamental pillar. The study was based on a central research question concerning the extent to which ports are capable of adopting modern technologies in the presence of various challenges. To achieve the objectives of the study, the descriptive method was adopted, along with a simple random sample. A questionnaire was also used as the primary data-collection instrument, and the data were processed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The study reached the following conclusions: The Skikda Port Company works to provide the requirements necessary for implementing a smart digital environment. The Skikda Port Company faces obstacles that hinder the implementation of a smart digital environment at a moderate level.
The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Human Resource Management
Artificial intelligence is increasingly transforming human resource management by supporting recruitment, employee selection, workforce analytics, learning and development, performance management, employee engagement, and administrative activities. Organizations generate large amounts of employee and workforce data, creating opportunities for AI-based systems to identify patterns, automate routine processes, and support managerial decision-making. This paper examines the impact of artificial intelligence on human resource management, focusing on AI-enabled recruitment, workforce planning, employee development, performance management, engagement, retention, HR administration, decision support, and ethical challenges. AI can improve the speed and consistency of HR processes by screening applications, identifying skill requirements, recommending learning opportunities, analyzing employee feedback, and supporting workforce forecasts. It may also allow HR professionals to focus more on strategic and interpersonal responsibilities by reducing repetitive administrative tasks. However, the use of AI in HR creates significant concerns regarding privacy, algorithmic bias, transparency, employee surveillance, data security, and the potential for inappropriate automation of sensitive decisions. The paper argues that AI should augment rather than replace HR professionals and should be implemented within a human-centred governance framework. Responsible use requires high-quality data, transparent processes, fairness assessments, employee awareness, human oversight, and continuous evaluation. When appropriately integrated, artificial intelligence can improve HR efficiency and workforce decision-making while supporting a more responsive and strategically oriented human resource function.
A Theoretical Approach to the Role of Collaborative Artificial Intelligence in Enhancing Organizational Work Efficiency.
This study explores the role of synergistic artificial intelligence in enhancing organizational work efficiency by integrating smart systems with human resources. Synergistic AI acts as a force multiplier rather than a mere automation tool, transforming cognitive processes, decision-making, and organizational performance. The research highlights the theoretical frameworks governing this integration, including embedded systems theory, theory of mind AI, and posthumanism, while examining the strategic necessity of human-AI collaboration in the era of Industry 5.0. Furthermore, the paper addresses performance management, algorithmic governance, and trust frameworks, demonstrating how synergistic integration optimizes resource allocation, drives innovation, and ensures sustainable institutional excellence.
The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Enhancing Customer Experience
Artificial intelligence is increasingly transforming customer experience by enabling organizations to personalize services, automate communication, analyze customer behaviour, predict preferences, and respond to requests more rapidly. Businesses across retail, banking, hospitality, healthcare, telecommunications, and digital services are using artificial intelligence through chatbots, recommendation systems, sentiment analysis, predictive analytics, voice assistants, and automated customer-support platforms. This paper examines the role of artificial intelligence in enhancing customer experience, focusing on personalization, customer service automation, recommendation systems, sentiment analysis, predictive engagement, omnichannel experiences, customer relationship management, service quality, and ethical challenges. AI can process large volumes of customer information and identify patterns that allow organizations to tailor products, services, communication, and support. Automated systems can also provide assistance outside traditional business hours and reduce response times for routine enquiries. However, excessive automation may create frustration when customers require empathy, flexibility, or human judgement. The use of customer data also raises important concerns about privacy, security, transparency, bias, and informed consent. The paper argues that the greatest value of AI in customer experience comes from combining technological efficiency with human-centred service. Organizations should use AI to augment employees and improve customer interactions rather than treating automation as a complete substitute for human contact. Responsible implementation, continuous evaluation, and clear pathways to human assistance are essential for creating trustworthy and satisfying AI-enabled customer experiences.
The Issue of Damage in Civil Liability for Anti-Competitive Practices: A Study of the French and European Models
Competitive harm is considered one of the fundamental elements that defines civil liability in the context of anti-competitive practices. It is accompanied by the element of fault as a general principle (represented by engaging in acts that harm the integrity of competition). In the absence of harm, legal liability cannot be established, as this element constitutes the cornerstone in proving it. French and European legislation has devoted significant attention to this element, with legal systems in both contexts providing detailed clarifications on the concept of competitive harm, relying on specific legislative directives, as well as contributions from legal scholarship and judicial rulings in this area.
The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Smart Cities and Urban Development
Artificial intelligence is becoming an important technology in the development and management of smart cities. Rapid urbanization has increased pressure on transportation systems, energy networks, public services, environmental resources, and municipal infrastructure. AI can process large volumes of urban data generated through sensors, cameras, connected devices, public databases, and citizen interactions to support planning, prediction, automation, and decision-making. This paper examines the role of artificial intelligence in smart cities and urban development, focusing on intelligent transportation, energy management, public safety, waste management, environmental monitoring, healthcare and public services, urban planning, citizen engagement, and governance challenges. AI-based systems can improve traffic management, predict energy demand, identify infrastructure problems, optimize waste collection, and support more responsive public services. They can also contribute to evidence-based urban planning by identifying patterns in population movement, land use, and resource consumption. However, smart-city AI creates challenges related to privacy, surveillance, cybersecurity, algorithmic bias, digital inequality, transparency, infrastructure costs, and governance. The paper argues that AI should support human-centred urban development rather than become a purely technology-driven approach. Successful smart cities require integration of AI with sustainable planning, inclusive public services, strong data governance, citizen participation, and accountable institutions. Responsible implementation can help cities become more efficient, resilient, sustainable, and responsive to the needs of their communities.
Reality of Physical Education and Sports Lessons in Primary Education in Light of New Educational Reforms -A field study on a sample of teachers in Batna Province-
The main objective of our study was to determine the reality of physical education and sports lessons in primary education in light of the new educational reforms, which included appointing specialist teachers in this field. We adopted a descriptive approach as it is well suited to the research topic. The study sample comprised 84 male and female physical education and sports teachers working in primary schools in Batna Province during the 2024–25 academic year. They were randomly selected from the study population. To achieve the aims of the study, we administered a questionnaire to the research sample. This contained 24 items distributed across three dimensions that served the objectives and hypotheses of the study. After statistical processing, the results were as follows: Primary schools lack the resources and dedicated spaces required to deliver physical education and sports lessons effectively. The lack of training and supervision negatively impacted the implementation of physical education and sports lessons. School sports competitions were not organised in accordance with the schedule announced by the Ministry of National Education.
The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Transforming Modern Business Practices
Artificial intelligence has emerged as an important technological force in the transformation of modern business practices. Organizations across industries are increasingly using artificial intelligence for data analysis, process automation, customer service, forecasting, risk management, marketing, human resource management, and strategic decision-making. This paper examines the role of artificial intelligence in transforming modern business practices, with particular attention to operational efficiency, data-driven decision-making, customer experience, marketing, financial management, supply chain management, human resources, innovation, cybersecurity, and organizational challenges. AI-based systems can process large volumes of information rapidly and identify patterns that may support managerial decisions. Automation can also reduce repetitive work and allow employees to focus on more complex and creative activities. However, the adoption of AI creates challenges related to data quality, privacy, cybersecurity, workforce displacement, algorithmic bias, implementation costs, and organizational readiness. The paper argues that successful AI adoption depends not only on technological capability but also on appropriate governance, skilled employees, quality data, ethical practices, and alignment with organizational objectives. AI should therefore be viewed as a strategic capability that can complement human expertise rather than simply as a replacement for human labour. Organizations that combine AI technologies with responsible management and continuous learning can strengthen productivity, innovation, competitiveness, and long-term business resilience.
Social Transformations and the Restructuring of the Value System of Working Women in Algerian Society
Rapid social economic, and cultural transformations have reshaped patterns of everyday life, social relation and the distribution of roles within family and professional spheres in This context the growing participation of women in the labor market, rising educational attainment and changing socioeconomic condition have contributed to a reconfiguration of women's social positions and roles, as well as to changing values surrounding their family and professional lives, This study examines transformations in the value system of working women, focusing on the interaction between values of autonomy, self-realization equality and responsibility, on the one hand tra traditional family social values, on the other. The study study adopts a descriptive approche and draws on a purposive sample of 150 married working women employed in the healthcare and service sectors Data were collected through a structured questionnaire and semi-unstructured interviews the findings indicate the emergence of new value orientations, particularly the growing importance of autonomy self-realization equality and ambition alongside the continued presence of traditional family and social values, They also reveal increasing overlap between family and professional roles, creating new possibilities for role accommodation and the redistribution of responsibilities while potentially generating tensions and role conflicts, The study concludes that the reconfiguration of working women's value system does not constitue a rupture with traditional normative frameworks but rather reflects dynamic process of value reordering and negotiation positioning working women as significant social actors in contemporary processes of social change.
The Role of the Ottoman Rulers in Algeria in Supporting the Endowments (Awqāf) of Public Facilities and Charitable Institutions
This study examines the pivotal role played by the Ottoman rulers and political elite in the Regency of Algeria (Eyālat al-Jazāʼir) in establishing, regulating, and expanding the institution of pious endowments (awqāf). Positioned as a key strategic bastion against European naval incursions in the Western Mediterranean, the Regency relied heavily on endowments to sustain its public utilities, urban infrastructure, and defense apparatus. Rather than functioning solely as a traditional religious practice, the endowment system evolved into a dynamic model of public governance and financial management. This paper analyzes the institutional framework of key endowment bodies—such as the Endowments of Springs and Roads (Aḥbās al-ʻUyūn wa-al-Ṭuruqāt), the Paths of Good Deeds (Subul al-Khayrāt), the Office of the Two Holy Sanctuaries (Dukkān al-Ḥaramayn al-Sharīfayn), and the specialized military endowments of the Janissary Corps (Al-Ojaq). It demonstrates how endowment revenues systematically funded vital urban projects (aqueducts, public fountains, thoroughfares), social welfare initiatives (poor relief, healthcare, ransoming captives), and military readiness (fortresses, defense towers, barracks maintenance). By fulfilling the higher objectives of Islamic law (maqāṣid al-sharīʻah) through the preservation of public interest, life, and territorial defense, the waqf system provided a self-sustaining mechanism that significantly relieved the financial burdens of the state treasury throughout the Ottoman era.
Numidian Resistance to Roman Occupation "The Jugurthine War as a Case Study (112 BC – 105 BC)"
This article aims to shed light on a pivotal chapter in the history of the ancient Maghreb: the Jugurthine War, a conflict in which King Jugurtha demonstrated exceptional courage and brilliant military strategy. Jugurtha successfully organized the ranks of Numidian soldiers and cavalry, confronting Roman forces in numerous battles and inflicting heavy losses upon them. He masterfully exploited the Romans' ignorance of the region's complex geography and relied on hit-and-run tactics and surprise ambushes, effectively exhausting the Roman military both psychologically and strategically for seven years. To address this topic, the study explores the following central problem: What was the nature of the conflict led by the rebel Jugurtha against Rome? This problem branches into several sub-questions, including: What were the true motives that prompted the Romans to declare war on Jugurtha? What were the main phases of this seven-year conflict? What were the consequences of this war, and to what extent did it alter the political landscape of the ancient Maghreb? To investigate this subject, a descriptive-analytical approach was employed, providing a historical narrative of the events followed by a critical analysis of their dimensions based on available primary sources and specialized secondary literature. The research is structured around three main axes designed to comprehensively cover the topic and answer the core questions raised. The first axis examines the general political conditions of the ancient Maghreb, the nature of the relations between the Kingdom of Numidia and Rome, and how these factors shaped the personality of Prince Jugurtha. The second axis is dedicated to analyzing the true causes that led the Romans to declare war on the Numidian prince, alongside the chronological phases of the conflict. The third axis focuses on the tragic end of Jugurtha and the geopolitical reconfiguration of the Maghreb following the war. Ultimately, this study concludes that the Jugurthine War exposed the true expansionist ambitions of Rome at the expense of the Numidian Kingdom. To achieve their goals, the Romans declared war on the Numidian prince; however, failing to secure a decisive martial victory, they resorted to treachery. They orchestrated a conspiracy in cooperation with Jugurtha’s father-in-law, Bocchus I, King of Mauretania, which ultimately led to Jugurtha's capture. The Jugurthine War had a profound impact on the political map of the ancient Maghreb, resulting in the expansion of the Mauretanian kingdom into Numidian territories and the installation of a weak client king over the remainder of Numidia, paving the way for its eventual and total Roman subjugation.
Traditional Ayurvedic Practices and Their Relevance in Contemporary Society
Ayurveda is a traditional Indian system of health knowledge with a long history of practices related to diet, daily routines, personal care, herbal preparations, physical activity, and approaches to maintaining well-being. In contemporary society, interest in traditional Ayurvedic practices has expanded through wellness culture, digital media, education, tourism, and commercial health products. This paper examines the relevance of traditional Ayurvedic practices in contemporary society, focusing on historical foundations, daily routines, nutrition, herbal traditions, yoga and physical activity, self-care, preventive health, cultural identity, digital transformation, and contemporary challenges. Traditional practices can provide culturally meaningful approaches to lifestyle and self-care, particularly when adapted safely to modern circumstances. Their continued popularity also demonstrates how traditional knowledge can survive through reinterpretation and new forms of communication. However, traditional practices vary in evidence and safety, and commercial products may create risks related to quality, contamination, dosage, and interactions with medicines. The paper argues that Ayurveda remains socially relevant as a cultural and wellness tradition, while its contemporary application should be guided by appropriate evidence, safety standards, professional qualifications, and informed healthcare choices.
Fundamental Ontology and the Hermeneutics of Time in Heidegger’s Early Philosophy
This article examines the problem of time within Martin Heidegger’s philosophical project, taking as its point of departure the transformation he brought about in the status of time within the ontological question. The study begins by elucidating the limitations of traditional conceptions of time, particularly those of Aristotle, Augustine, and Kant, in which time was associated with motion or the soul, or conceived as an a priori form of inner sense. By contrast, Heidegger seeks to move beyond the reduction of time to the present and succession and to disclose its ontological structure through the concept of temporality. The article demonstrates that time does not constitute an external framework within which Dasein exists; rather, it constitutes the primordial structure through which Dasein’s being-in-the-world is determined, encompassing care, openness to possibility, finitude, and death. The study therefore concludes that temporality is not a property added to Dasein’s Being but the very horizon for the understanding of Being itself. Consequently, the question of time is inseparable from the question of Being, thereby providing the ontological foundation for Heidegger’s project of overcoming the metaphysics of presence.
Yoga and Mental Well-Being: Contemporary Perspectives and Practices
Mental well-being has become an important dimension of contemporary health, particularly in the context of stress, anxiety, occupational pressure, social change, and increasingly digital lifestyles. Yoga is a mind-body practice that commonly combines physical postures, breathing techniques, meditation, relaxation, and mindful attention. This paper examines contemporary perspectives on yoga and mental well-being, focusing on stress management, anxiety, emotional regulation, mindfulness, sleep, workplace well-being, social connection, long-term practice, and safe integration with professional care. Recent research indicates promising effects of yoga on mental health and well-being, although the evidence is heterogeneous and yoga interventions are not consistently described across studies. A 2025 systematic review identified 129 randomized trials and found that yoga research commonly combines physical, breathing, and mental components, while recommending better reporting and standardization. A 2024 systematic review and meta-analysis of stressed adults found short-term reductions in perceived stress, although the evidence was rated low quality. Research among nursing professionals and students also reported improvements in stress, anxiety, burnout, depression, sleep, and life satisfaction across included trials. The paper argues that yoga can be a useful complementary practice for mental well-being, while emphasizing realistic expectations, appropriate instruction, research quality, and professional care when clinically significant symptoms are present.
The Efforts of University Libraries in Mitigating the Impact of Crises and Facilitating Open Access to Information: The Central Library of Amar Telidji University–Laghouat as a Case Study
This study examines the role of Algerian university libraries in promoting and supporting open access to information during crises. It also assesses the extent to which librarians at the Central Library of Amar Telidji University–Laghouat are oriented towards this emerging mode of information provision. Furthermore, the study investigates the role of open access to information in mitigating the effects of crises on university libraries by examining the services provided to meet users’ information needs. To achieve the study objectives, a descriptive approach was adopted, and a printed questionnaire was used to collect and analyse the data. The study yielded several findings, the most significant of which indicate that the staff of the Central Library of Amar Telidji University–Laghouat are familiar with the concept of open access to information and are willing to keep pace with technological developments in library services. The library also encourages users to benefit from the university’s digital repositories and seeks to raise awareness of this new mode of access. However, the findings reveal the absence of a clear strategy for managing crises and strengthening open access to information, along with insufficient financial resources to develop the library’s technological infrastructure.
The Relationship Between Environmental Change and Species Adaptation
Environmental conditions influence where species can survive, how organisms grow and reproduce, and how populations interact with one another. Changes in temperature, precipitation, habitat structure, resource availability, pollution, and other environmental factors can create new selection pressures. Species may respond through phenotypic plasticity, behavioral changes, physiological acclimation, changes in geographic distribution, or evolutionary adaptation based on heritable genetic variation. However, the capacity for adaptation differs among species and depends on generation time, genetic diversity, population size, dispersal ability, and the speed and magnitude of environmental change. This paper examines nine major dimensions of the relationship between environmental change and species adaptation, including natural selection, phenotypic plasticity, genetic variation, climate change, habitat change, species interactions, range shifts, adaptation limits, and conservation strategies.
The Role of Constitutional Adjudication in Consolidating Legal Certainty in Algeria
Legal certainty is one of the principal foundations of a rule-of-law state. It seeks to preserve stable legal positions and protect vested rights. The legislature must therefore respect the supremacy of the Constitution.Any departure from constitutional rules is also a departure from legality. Constitutional review is among the most important mechanisms for safeguarding legality.Most constitutions that provide for judicial review of legislation therefore subject the competent body to procedural requirements when it issues constitutional or interpretative decisions.Constitutional judgments can strengthen legal certainty and prevent conflict with it, particularly when courts change established precedent.
The Role of Beneficial Bacteria in Maintaining Human Health
Beneficial bacteria are important members of the human microbiota and contribute to physiological processes that support health. Large microbial communities inhabit the gastrointestinal tract, skin, oral cavity, and other body sites, where they interact with host tissues and with other microorganisms. In the gut, beneficial bacteria participate in nutrient metabolism, production of short-chain fatty acids and other metabolites, maintenance of the intestinal barrier, colonization resistance against pathogens, and regulation of immune responses. Their abundance and activity are influenced by diet, age, medications, lifestyle, and environmental conditions. This paper examines nine major roles of beneficial bacteria, including microbial diversity, nutrient metabolism, intestinal barrier support, immune regulation, pathogen resistance, metabolic health, the gut-brain connection, probiotics and prebiotics, and emerging microbiome-based applications.
The Reality of Scientific esearch in the Field of Language Pathology and Communication Between Theory and Practice
The study aims to demonstrate the reality of scientific research in the specialty of language and communication pathology (orthophonia) between theory and practice, based on the importance of this specialty and what it offers to anthropology. It was conducted with a group of field specialists, researchers, professors, and doctoral students from the Department of Psychology and Orthophonia at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences at Badji Mokhtar University - Algeria - all of whom are specialists in the field of language and communication pathology, and who were chosen intentionally, using the descriptive approach to fit it with the goal of the study. We have relied on collecting The information questionnaire tool included three major axes, which were: the fields of scientific studies in the specialization, the scientific returns or theoretical and field importance of these studies, the difficulties facing the researcher in the specialization, then the horizons and suggestions that would help him to carry out his scientific studies. The results of the study concluded that scientific studies in this specialty are distinguished in that they: include several fields, including: oral and written language disorders, disabilities, learning difficulties, cognitive disorders, communicative problems, autism... They also have importance and contributions they make to anthropology, whether theoretical or field, and this is with regard to the various disorders that affect language, starting from explaining them, revealing their causes, and diagnosing them, all the way to building supportive programs that work to treat them and reduce their severity or the severity of the negative effects they leave behind. The affected individual creates communication problems that affect his quality of life, and the researcher in this specialty faces several difficulties that would hinder the process of his scientific research, which varied between theoretical and field difficulties.
The Role of Biodiversity in Maintaining Ecosystem Stability
Biodiversity is a fundamental component of healthy ecosystems and includes variation at genetic, species, and ecosystem levels. Diverse biological communities can contribute to ecosystem stability by supporting multiple ecological functions, maintaining food-web interactions, improving resource use, and increasing the capacity of ecosystems to respond to environmental disturbances. Biodiversity can also provide functional redundancy, allowing some ecological processes to continue when individual species decline. This paper examines nine major dimensions of the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem stability, including species diversity, genetic variation, functional diversity, ecological interactions, productivity, resistance to disturbance, resilience and recovery, ecosystem services, and conservation strategies.
The Impact of Word of Mouth on Consumers' Decisions To Purchase Banking Services in Algeria
This study investigates how word of mouth (WOM) influences consumers' decisions to purchase banking services in Algeria. A quantitative research design was adopted, using a structured questionnaire distributed to 200 bank customers. Results revealed that 76% of respondents consider recommendations from friends and family as the most trusted information source, and 64% reported changing their bank choice based on positive WOM. Regression analysis confirmed a strong positive relationship (R² = 0.71) between WOM and purchase intention. The study recommends that banks strengthen customer satisfaction and loyalty programs to encourage positive WOM and enhance their market reputation.
The Role of Genetic Variation in Human Health and Disease
Genetic variation refers to differences in DNA sequence among individuals and populations. It is a fundamental feature of human biology and contributes to differences in physical traits, physiological responses, disease susceptibility, and responses to medicines. Genetic variants may include single-nucleotide variants, small insertions and deletions, copy-number changes, structural variants, and changes in regulatory regions. Their effects range from neutral to strongly pathogenic, and many health outcomes reflect interactions among multiple variants and environmental factors. Genome-wide association studies and sequencing technologies have expanded understanding of how common and rare variants contribute to complex diseases. This paper examines nine major aspects of genetic variation, including types of variants, functional effects, inherited disease, complex disease risk, pharmacogenomics, population diversity, gene-environment interaction, genomic technologies, and implications for personalized medicine.
Psychosocial and Physical Conditions Influencing Human Work within Organizations: A Theoretical Approach in Light of the Human Relations School
This research paper highlights the most important contributions of Human Relations Theory, which, like other organizational theories, has shown considerable interest in organizations and the dynamics of their internal work environment. The work environment is considered one of the most important organizational concepts because of its significant influence on, and interaction with, other variables within the organizational climate. In particular, attention is given to the worker as the fundamental and active driving force of the organization. Workers are influenced by the psychological, social, and physical conditions under which they perform their work, and these conditions, in turn, affect the organization.
The Role of Hormones in Regulating Human Physiological Processes
Hormones are chemical messengers that coordinate many physiological processes in the human body. Produced by endocrine glands and specialized tissues, hormones regulate metabolism, growth, reproduction, stress responses, fluid balance, blood glucose, and many other functions. Hormonal actions depend on interactions between endocrine organs, target tissues, receptors, and feedback mechanisms. This paper examines nine major dimensions of hormonal regulation, including endocrine signaling, metabolism, growth, reproduction, stress, thyroid function, fluid balance, feedback regulation, and hormonal disorders.
The Role of Artificial Intelligence Applications in Enhancing the Quality of Scientific Research: Students of the National Higher School of Political Science (Algeria) case study
The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) is bringing significant changes to a wide range of sectors, particularly higher education and scientific research. In this context, the present study investigates the role of AI applications in enhancing the quality of scientific research among students at the National Higher School of Political Science in Algeria. It seeks to examine the extent to which students rely on AI applications in conducting their research, identify the applications they use most frequently, and assess their contribution to improving research quality. The study was conducted among a sample of 200 students representing different academic levels. The findings indicate that students use AI applications to varying degrees, with ChatGPT emerging as the most widely used application. The results also show that students consider AI applications valuable in improving the quality of scientific research, particularly by facilitating access to information, translation, research organization, and the preparation of academic work, while also reducing the time and effort required. Moreover, the findings demonstrate a statistically significant positive effect of AI application use on the quality of scientific research.
The Role of Civil Society in Democratic Governance
Civil society is an important component of democratic governance because voluntary organizations, community groups, professional associations, advocacy networks, and other non-state actors can connect citizens with public institutions. Civil society organizations can encourage participation, represent community interests, monitor government performance, promote human rights, and contribute to public debate. In India, civil society operates alongside constitutional institutions, elected bodies, media, and public administration, providing additional channels for civic engagement and social accountability. This paper examines nine major dimensions of the role of civil society in democratic governance, including citizen participation, advocacy, representation, public accountability, human rights, social inclusion, policy engagement, community development, and contemporary challenges.
The Role of Pragmatics in Analyzing Arabic Texts at the Fifth-Grade Primary Level
University research laboratories continually strive to devise new teaching methods, approaches, and curricula, seeking to facilitate the acquisition of the Arabic language and engagement with its meanings, and to keep pace with a generation that now rides and confronts every technological development of its time. From this standpoint, the purpose of this study is to find a method for teaching and analyzing Arabic texts at the fifth-grade primary level that helps learners achieve an ideal understanding of texts and respond to them, by incorporating the modern pragmatic approach. This approach targets the communicative function of language and attends to implicit meanings, speech acts, and discourse contexts in a manner suited to the learners’ level and degree of comprehension at this stage of primary education, a stage at which learners’ thinking is especially fertile for acquiring new knowledge that facilitates their studies.
The Role of Education in Promoting Democratic Citizenship
Education plays a central role in developing informed, responsible, and active citizens in a democratic society. Beyond the transmission of academic knowledge, education can develop civic awareness, critical thinking, respect for diversity, understanding of constitutional values, and the ability to participate constructively in public life. In India, constitutional principles and educational policies recognize the importance of education in developing responsible citizenship and social cohesion. Schools, colleges, and informal learning environments can provide opportunities to understand rights and duties, democratic institutions, equality, and public responsibility. This paper examines nine major dimensions of the role of education in promoting democratic citizenship, including civic knowledge, constitutional literacy, critical thinking, participation, equality, tolerance, digital citizenship, democratic values, and contemporary challenges.
The Role of Social Factors in the Prevalence of Divorce and Its Implications for Algerian Society
Divorce is a complex social and family phenomenon whose causes and consequences extend beyond the dissolution of the marital bond to affect spouses, children, family stability, and social cohesion. In Algeria, social and economic transformations, changing family roles and values, women's increasing participation in education and employment, housing difficulties, and the influence of media and social networking platforms have contributed to reshaping marital relations and expectations. This study aims to examine the principal social factors associated with the prevalence of divorce in Algerian society and to analyze its implications for the family and society, with particular attention to children. Methodologically, the study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach based on relevant sociological and legal literature and previously published studies. Based on the reviewed literature, the analysis indicates that divorce is a multidimensional phenomenon resulting from the interaction of social, economic, cultural, psychological, and familial factors rather than from a single cause. Its consequences may extend to children's psychological, social, and educational well-being, family relationships, and social cohesion. The study emphasizes the importance of preventive measures, premarital education and counseling, family guidance and reconciliation mechanisms, and appropriate psychological and social support for families affected by divorce.
The Role of Local Government in Rural Development
Local government is an important institution in rural development because it operates close to communities and can identify local needs, deliver basic services, manage local infrastructure, and facilitate citizen participation. Rural development involves improvements in livelihoods, education, health, sanitation, roads, water supply, employment, agriculture, and social inclusion. Effective local government can connect national and regional development policies with local conditions and priorities. However, limited financial resources, administrative capacity, political interference, unequal participation, and weak coordination can constrain performance. This paper examines nine major dimensions of the role of local government in rural development, including public service delivery, infrastructure, participatory governance, agriculture, local economic development, social welfare, environmental management, accountability, and future development priorities.
University Governance in the Age of Artificial Intelligence: Opportunities, Challenges, and Institutional Requirements
This study examines university governance in higher education institutions in the context of the rapid transformations driven by artificial intelligence (AI). It analyzes the potential of these technologies to advance university administration, enhance the quality of administrative and academic service delivery, support evidence-based decision-making, and promote institutional transparency, efficiency, and effectiveness. Furthermore, the study investigates the critical challenges that impede the effective deployment of AI within university governance frameworks, particularly technical, organizational, legal, human, data-related, and ethical hurdles. Methodologically, the paper adopts a descriptive-analytical approach, based on a critical review and synthesis of relevant academic literature and scholarly studies addressing artificial intelligence, university governance, digital transformation, and higher education administration. The study does not employ primary empirical data; rather, it develops an analytical understanding of the opportunities and constraints associated with AI-enabled university governance. The findings indicate that while AI constitutes a potent catalyst for optimizing university governance and elevating institutional performance, maximizing its potential remains contingent upon establishing robust digital infrastructure, upskilling human capital, instituting transparent legal and ethical frameworks, strengthening data governance and protection mechanisms, and ensuring data security while mitigating the risks of algorithmic bias and unregulated or poorly governed technological adoption.
The Role of Media in Strengthening Democracy
Media plays a central role in democratic societies by informing citizens, facilitating public debate, scrutinizing institutions, and providing channels through which diverse voices can participate in public life. Newspapers, television, radio, digital news platforms, and social media have expanded the ways in which information reaches citizens. In India, freedom of speech and expression provides the constitutional foundation for media freedom, subject to constitutionally permitted restrictions. At the same time, media organizations face challenges involving misinformation, political polarization, commercial pressures, ownership concentration, and declining public trust. This paper examines nine major dimensions of the role of media in strengthening democracy, including public information, political debate, accountability, elections, diversity, investigative journalism, digital media, media ethics, and contemporary challenges.
This study provides preliminary insights into the value of concepts and their role in scientific research. To this end, we examined the phenomenon of cybercrime and related concepts such as cyberbullying, cyberviolence and cyberharassment, as well as the harasser and the harassed (the victim). We also considered emotional competencies and emotional intelligence. We also emphasised the importance of theories in scientific research, in terms of their well-founded explanations of constructed problems, and their usefulness in examining reality through these explanations and testing them against reality. To this end, we presented three theories that we consider relevant, which researchers may draw upon for both interpretation and empirical examination. These include: Bandura’s social learning theory; the theory of white-collar crime; and the broken-window (or broken-bottle) theory.
The Role of Municipalities in Improving Urban Governance
Municipalities are key institutions of urban governance because they operate close to residents and are responsible for many services that directly shape everyday urban life. Effective municipalities can improve sanitation, water supply, waste management, local roads, public spaces, urban planning, public health, and community participation. They can also strengthen accountability by making local decisions and resources more transparent and accessible to citizens. Rapid urbanization, fiscal constraints, fragmented responsibilities, infrastructure pressures, inequality, and environmental risks can limit municipal effectiveness. This paper examines nine major dimensions of the role of municipalities in improving urban governance, including service delivery, urban planning, infrastructure, citizen participation, financial management, environmental sustainability, social inclusion, digital governance, and institutional accountability.
Challenges in Screening Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Healthcare Settings -A field Case Study at the Medical Imaging Department
Children with autism spectrum disorder face particular difficulties when undergoing medical imaging examinations, due to sensory hypersensitivity, communication difficulties and resistance to change, whilst radiology staff are often inadequately trained to deal with these specific challenges. Using a descriptive case study approach, this study presents a field experience of a chest X-ray examination of a girl with autism spectrum disorder, based on direct observation and an interview with the patient’s carer, with the aim of analysing the difficulties encountered by the radiographer and the strategies that enabled the examination to be completed successfully. A diagnostic chest X-ray was obtained by adapting the examination environment and positioning the radiographer outside the patient’s field of vision, despite a slight deviation in positioning. The study recommends specialised training for medical imaging staff, enhanced coordination between the health and higher education sectors, and the involvement of an speech-language pathologist/therapist in preparing for such examinations.
The Role of the Constitution in Protecting Citizens' Rights
A constitution provides the fundamental legal framework through which a state organizes public authority and recognizes the rights and freedoms of its citizens. In a democratic system, constitutional protections establish limits on government power, promote equality before the law, support individual liberty, and provide mechanisms through which rights can be enforced. Constitutional rights may include protections relating to life, liberty, equality, expression, association, religion, and political participation, depending on the constitutional system. This paper examines the role of the constitution in protecting citizens' rights through constitutional supremacy, fundamental rights, separation of powers, rule of law, judicial review, equality, democratic participation, constitutional remedies, and contemporary challenges.
Job Involvement Among Employees in Organisations
Job involvement is considered one of the main dimensions necessary for understanding individuals’ behaviours within organisations. As an effective indicator, it reflects other variables such as performance, absenteeism, satisfaction, productivity and employee turnover. It reflects the nature and extent to which individuals interact with their work environment and their job. Furthermore, job involvement represents employees’ positive attitude and constructive feelings towards their work and towards achieving the organisation’s goals. It is characterised by intense focus, engagement and immersion in work, demonstrated through vitality, dedication and commitment. This concept is evident when an individual is fully integrated into their work, pays sustained attention to it, and demonstrates high levels of energy, mental flexibility, and commitment. It also involves fully mobilising one’s physical, cognitive, psychological and emotional resources in order to carry out tasks efficiently and effectively.
The Role of the Judiciary in Protecting Constitutional Rights
The judiciary plays a fundamental role in protecting constitutional rights and maintaining the supremacy of the Constitution in a democratic system. In India, constitutional courts, particularly the Supreme Court and High Courts, have powers of judicial review and constitutional remedies that enable them to examine the legality of laws and executive actions. Fundamental rights are protected through constitutional interpretation, writ jurisdiction, judicial review, and remedies for violations. The judiciary also contributes to the rule of law by ensuring that public authorities act within constitutional limits. This paper examines nine major dimensions of the role of the judiciary in protecting constitutional rights, including judicial review, fundamental rights, writ jurisdiction, constitutional interpretation, public interest litigation, equality, personal liberty, judicial independence, and contemporary challenges.
A Modified Physical Education Program for Developing Motor Coordination in Learners Aged 7–8 Years
This study aimed to investigate the effect of a modified sports program on developing motor coordination among learners aged 7–8 years at Ben Doubia Elementary School in Oran. The experimental approach with a two-group pretest-posttest design (experimental and control) was utilized. The sample consisted of 30 pupils divided equally into an experimental group (n = 15) subjected to the 8-week modified sports program (24 units) and a control group (n = 15) following the traditional curriculum. Validated motor coordination tests (eye-hand, eye-foot, and general coordination) were applied. Statistical analysis using t-tests revealed statistically significant differences (p \le 0.05) between pre- and post-measurements of the experimental group favoring the post-test, as well as significant differences between both groups in the post-test favoring the experimental group. The study recommends integrating modified sports programs and adapted equipment into physical education curricula for lower primary grades.
The Role of the Parliament in Indian Democracy
The Parliament of India is a central institution of representative democracy and performs important legislative, deliberative, financial, representative, and accountability functions. Comprising the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha, Parliament provides a constitutional forum for elected and represented members to debate public issues, enact legislation, approve public expenditure, and scrutinize the executive. Parliamentary committees further support detailed examination of legislation, administration, and public finances. This paper examines nine major dimensions of the role of Parliament in Indian democracy, including law-making, representation, executive accountability, financial control, public debate, parliamentary committees, constitutional functions, citizen interests, and contemporary challenges.
Linguistic, Sociolinguistic and Semiotic Study of Posters Chanted During HIRAK in Support of Gaza in Algeria
This study analyzes the posters raised during the Algerian popular movement supporting the Gaza Strip (from October 2023 to March 2024), from a linguistic, sociolinguistic, and semiotic perspective. The study aims to understand how these posters reflect multiple linguistic interactions, societal practices, and the construction of identity and solidarity with the Palestinian cause. The study adopted a descriptive and analytical methodology, using a purposive sample of 70 posters collected from social media platforms and local media coverage. The results showed the dominance of short nominal sentences (68%) and the Algerian dialect (Darja) as the primary language (43%), with a prominent phenomenon of code-switching between Darja, Classical Arabic, French, Amazigh, and English, each serving specific social and political functions. The study also revealed four major semantic fields: solidarity, resistance, denunciation, and religion. On the semiotic level, images of child martyrs (45%) and the Al-Aqsa Mosque (35%) dominated, with the prevalence of red (70%) for blood and martyrdom, black (55%) for mourning, and white (40%) for innocence and the shroud. The relationship between text and image varied between redundancy (25%), anchorage (50%), and relay (25%). The study concludes by affirming that these posters represent a complex visual and linguistic discourse, reflecting political and identity consciousness, and deserve to be documented as one of the most prominent forms of popular expression in the digital age.
The Role of the President in the Indian Political System
The President of India occupies the highest constitutional office in the Union and serves as the formal head of the Indian state. The office is established by the Constitution and combines constitutional, executive, legislative, financial, judicial, and emergency responsibilities. Although executive power is formally vested in the President, the parliamentary system operates on the principle that the President generally acts on the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers, subject to constitutional provisions. The President also performs important ceremonial and institutional functions and serves as a symbol of constitutional continuity. This paper examines nine major dimensions of the role of the President in the Indian political system, including constitutional position, executive functions, legislative responsibilities, appointments, financial powers, judicial powers, emergency provisions, federal relations, and contemporary significance.
The Importance of Digital Transformation in the Agricultural Sector and Hindering Challenges
In this intervention titled "The Importance of Digital Transformation and Hindering Challenges," I will address the concept of digital transformation, outlining the variables it encompasses, as previous studies have not provided us with a precise definition for this new term (digital transformation). I will also demonstrate through this that this concept is fundamentally linked to technology. Furthermore, this intervention aims to highlight the importance of digital transformation in illuminating pathways and addressing problems that hinder the progress of development projects, especially in the agricultural sector. In addition, through this study, we also aim to reveal the manifestations of the shift towards digital transformation via modern technologies in various fields, particularly the scientific field, which receives significant attention in terms of using and exploiting digital transformation. Through this research paper, we also aim to identify the most important and prominent characteristics that distinguish digital transformation technology. Alongside our objectives, we seek to identify the most prominent obstacles facing the agricultural sector in Algeria, which are considered a barrier to achieving sustainable development in this sector.
The Role of the Prime Minister in Indian Governance
The Prime Minister occupies a central position in India's parliamentary system and serves as the head of the Union Council of Ministers. The Prime Minister plays a major role in government formation, policy coordination, executive leadership, parliamentary accountability, national administration, and relations between the Union and states. Although executive authority is formally vested in the President, the Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister exercises the political executive authority of the Union within the constitutional framework. This paper examines nine major dimensions of the role of the Prime Minister in Indian governance, including government formation, leadership of the Council of Ministers, policy-making, parliamentary responsibility, administrative coordination, federal relations, appointments, crisis management, and contemporary challenges.
Psychological and Behavioral Mechanisms Underlying Marital Dysfunction: An Integrative Theoretical Review
Marital dysfunction is a pervasive yet theoretically fragmented construct in relationship science. Although cognitive, attachment, behavioral, and systemic perspectives have identified numerous factors associated with relationship distress, these processes have often been examined separately, limiting the development of a coherent explanatory account. This integrative theoretical review synthesizes contemporary empirical evidence to develop a mechanism-based framework of marital dysfunction. It brings together psychological vulnerabilities, including maladaptive cognitive processing, emotion dysregulation, attachment insecurity, developmental adversity, personality characteristics, and psychopathology, with the behavioral processes through which these vulnerabilities shape couple interactions. Particular attention is given to communication, conflict regulation, reciprocal interaction, and behavioral dysregulation within couple and family systems. The review also critically examines areas of empirical convergence, methodological limitations, and priorities for future research. Overall, the evidence suggests that marital dysfunction is best understood as a dynamic, multilevel process in which psychological vulnerabilities, behavioral adaptation, and contextual stressors interact over time, rather than as the cumulative effect of isolated risk factors. By bringing these lines of evidence together, the review offers a coherent framework for understanding how relational difficulties emerge and are maintained and provides a basis for future research and process-oriented interventions across diverse sociocultural contexts.
The Role of the Supreme Court in Indian Democracy
The Supreme Court of India occupies a central position in the country's constitutional democracy. As the highest court, it exercises constitutional interpretation, judicial review, appellate jurisdiction, and powers relating to the enforcement of Fundamental Rights. The Court also contributes to the maintenance of federal balance, the rule of law, and institutional accountability. Through its judgments, constitutional interpretation, and remedies, the Supreme Court has influenced the development of Indian public law and democratic governance. At the same time, its role must operate within constitutional limits and alongside the functions of Parliament and the executive. This paper examines nine major dimensions of the role of the Supreme Court in Indian democracy, including constitutional interpretation, judicial review, rights protection, federal disputes, public interest litigation, electoral and institutional accountability, judicial independence, and contemporary challenges.
The Caliber and Shattaar Category During the Abbasid Era "132-334 AH/749-1055 AD"
The movement of Al-Ayarin and Al-Shatar appeared during the Abbasid era as a result of the deterioration of their living conditions and their extreme poverty, but its emergence was during the strife of Al-Amin and Al-Mamun. They were supporting the army of the Caliph Al-Amin, so they plundered, stole, burned, and blocked roads, because the goal of these people was to exploit the strife and disturbances to express their goal and purpose and their boredom with the miserable economic conditions from which they were suffering. The Sultan was in many ways afraid of them. Sometimes they seek help because they are in committed social solidarity and have their own laws and customs that they follow, justifying their movement as being legitimate and expressing the taking of zakat money from the rich who have refrained from paying it to the deserving poor. This study aims to shed light on the difficult social conditions that prevail in Abbasid society and the revolutions carried out by these calibers as an expression of their boredom with the unfair distribution of wealth, using the descriptive and analytical approach to find out the secrets, natures, and circumstances that lead to the emergence of the Caliph and Shattar movement. Hence, we raise the following problem: Who are the calibers and the Shatar ? To what extent did their anger last and how deep did it become within Abbasid society ? Within the scope of this topic, I have discussed many elements, including the definition of the terms Al-Yayyarin and Al-Shatar linguistically and terminologically, as well as the conditions that paved the way for the emergence of this movement, in addition to the types and genders of Al-Yayyarin. It also dealt with the military organization of the Al-Yayyarin and Al-Shatar movement, and finally I was exposed to the chronological development of the Al-Yayyarin movement. The study came out with a set of results, perhaps the most prominent and important of which is that the Al-Ayyarin and Shattar movement emerged as a popular movement dissatisfied with the authority and the state as a result of the deplorable economic conditions. This group considered their rebellion and departure from laws and customs as legitimate because the rich refrained from paying the zakat of their money to the poor, so they had the right to take it by force. The emergence of the Al-Ayyarin and Al-Shattar movement was on the scene of political events in the Abbasid era during the strife between Al-Amin and Al-Amin. And the safe.
The Role of Youth in Democratic Politics
Young people constitute an important part of the electorate and represent a major source of civic energy, political ideas, and future leadership. Their participation in democratic politics can occur through voting, political parties, student and community organizations, public campaigns, digital platforms, volunteering, and direct engagement with public institutions. However, youth participation may be affected by political disengagement, limited representation, economic barriers, misinformation, and lack of trust in institutions. This paper examines nine major dimensions of the role of youth in democratic politics, including voting, political awareness, digital participation, civic education, political leadership, social movements, representation, policy engagement, and the challenges and opportunities facing young citizens.
The Future of the School Electronic Dictionary in Light of Digital Transformation: Prospects and Challenges
The electronic school dictionary represents a qualitative shift in educational tools, having evolved from a mere silent reference book into an intelligent, interactive learning environment grounded in the applications of computer science and computational linguistics. This dictionary draws on a vocabulary stock derived from the pupil's actual language use, and is characterized by high search flexibility, immense storage capacity, and the deployment of multimedia (audio and image) to bring meanings closer to the learner. Digitization also opens broad horizons for developing language skills (both spoken and written) and for reinforcing learner autonomy. Nevertheless, this industry faces challenges such as weak computational structuring (limited to digitized copies), high costs, and the gap between linguistic content and modern curricula. The future success of this transformation depends on building genuine educational corpora and on combining the efforts of linguists and technicians to produce advanced educational software.
Green Analytical Chemistry an important area of contemporary chemistry
This paper presents a secondary-data review of green analytical chemistry, an important area of contemporary chemistry. The review examines fundamental principles, chemical mechanisms, analytical approaches, applications, limitations and future research directions. Published literature indicates that performance depends on molecular structure, reaction conditions, interfaces, transport processes and the quality of characterization. Current research increasingly emphasizes selectivity, stability, efficiency, sustainability and practical scalability. The paper synthesizes established findings to explain how chemical principles are translated into useful technologies and identifies areas where additional research is required. The review also highlights the importance of combining experimental evidence with analytical chemistry and, where appropriate, computational modeling. Overall, the literature supports an integrated approach in which fundamental chemical understanding is connected with measurable performance, safety, resource efficiency and realistic operating conditions.
The Role of the Tribes of the Central Maghreb in the Establishment of the ʿUbaydid State during the Fourth Century AH/Tenth Century CE
The Kutama and Sanhaja tribes constituted an essential political and military foundation for the establishment of the ʿUbaydid State and the consolidation of its authority in the Central Maghreb during the fourth century AH. The Kutama supported the Ismaʿili daʿwa under the leadership of Abu ʿAbd Allah al-Shiʿi and contributed to its military expansions, which overthrew several states, most notably the Aghlabid State. The role of the Sanhaja, meanwhile, became prominent with Ziri ibn Manad in confronting the Zanata, and later with Buluggin ibn Ziri, who assumed leadership of the Islamic Maghreb by appointment of the ʿUbaydid caliph al-Muʿizz li-Din Allah. Nevertheless, the ʿUbaydid presence was temporary, as the Sanhaja restored their Maliki doctrinal orientation during the reign of al-Muʿizz ibn Badis.
Contradictory Self-Discrepancy in Light of Certain Variables Among a Sample of Students at Kasdi Merbah University of Ouargla
This study aimed to identify the level of self-discrepancy among a sample of students at Kasdi Merbah University of Ouargla, and to determine the significance of differences in self-discrepancy based on gender and academic specialization among the 461 students in the study. A descriptive-comparative approach was used to achieve these objectives. The Self-discrepancy Scale developed by Hossam Mahmoud Zaki Ali (2023) was used to collect data. The study found that the level of self-discrepancy was high among the sample in the scale as a whole and in the dimensions of the ought and ideal self, while the level of the actual self was low. No statistically significant differences in self-discrepancy were found based on gender in the scale as a whole or in the dimensions of the actual and ideal self. Differences were found in the ought self, favoring females. No statistically significant differences in self-discrepancy were found based on academic specialization in the scale as a whole or in its dimensions.
Inflation Accounting and Changing Price Levels
This paper examines inflation accounting and changing price levels from a contemporary accounting perspective. Accounting has developed from a transaction-recording function into a broader information and accountability system supporting managers, investors, regulators, employees and other stakeholders. The discussion covers conceptual foundations, organizational importance, practical accounting processes, information and analysis, challenges and ethical considerations, and emerging developments. Particular attention is given to reliable information, professional judgment, transparency, internal control and responsible decision-making. The paper connects accounting theory with practical organizational requirements and considers how technology, regulation and changing business expectations influence the selected area.
Legal and International Protection of the Right to Genetic Privacy in the Use of DNA Profiling
The scientific advances achieved in genetic engineering, together with the possibilities they provide for accessing an individual's genetic information and data, have raised numerous legal issues concerning the use of such information in the fields of research, medicine, and the judiciary. This has necessitated the establishment of legal rules, conditions, safeguards, and mechanisms capable of reconciling the requirements of scientific research with the protection of individual rights, foremost among which is the right to genetic privacy. This objective was pursued by the Algerian legislator through Law No. 16-03 on the use of DNA profiling in judicial proceedings and the identification of persons, which establishes a number of safeguards aimed at protecting genetic data from any unlawful use. The international community has likewise accorded considerable importance to protecting the right to genetic privacy through the adoption of several international instruments and declarations, foremost among them the Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights of 1997.
This paper examines auditing and financial accountability from a contemporary accounting perspective. Accounting has developed from a transaction-recording function into a broader information and accountability system supporting managers, investors, regulators, employees and other stakeholders. The discussion covers conceptual foundations, organizational importance, practical accounting processes, information and analysis, challenges and ethical considerations, and emerging developments. Particular attention is given to reliable information, professional judgment, transparency, internal control and responsible decision-making. The paper connects accounting theory with practical organizational requirements and considers how technology, regulation and changing business expectations influence the selected area.
Tort Liability of Internet Service Providers: A Comparative Study
This article examines the tort liability of Internet service providers (ISPs) for unlawful online content, with particular attention to access providers, hosting providers, and information providers. It adopts a comparative analytical approach based on legal scholarship, selected case law, and legislation from the United States, the European Union and France, Algeria, and Bahrain. The study evaluates three principal bases of liability: proven fault, risk-based liability, and special intermediary-liability regimes. It finds that the decisive factors are the provider's role, its knowledge of unlawful content, its ability to control or disable access, and the speed of its response after receiving notice. Purely technical intermediaries are generally protected from liability where they neither create nor control the content and act promptly upon acquiring knowledge. By contrast, liability may arise where a provider creates or develops content, exercises substantive control, or fails to remove or block unlawful material after notice. The article supports clearer statutory rules, specialized judicial mechanisms, judicial training, and stronger international cooperation.
Internal Control Systems and Accounting Risk Management
This paper examines internal control systems and accounting risk management from a contemporary accounting perspective. Accounting has developed from a transaction-recording function into a broader information and accountability system supporting managers, investors, regulators, employees and other stakeholders. The discussion covers conceptual foundations, organizational importance, practical accounting processes, information and analysis, challenges and ethical considerations, and emerging developments. Particular attention is given to reliable information, professional judgment, transparency, internal control and responsible decision-making. The paper connects accounting theory with practical organizational requirements and considers how technology, regulation and changing business expectations influence the selected area.
Visual Knowledge Representations and the Quality of Teaching Natural and Life Sciences: A Field Study from the Perspective of Middle School Teachers
This study aimed to identify the role of visual knowledge representations in improving the quality of teaching natural and life sciences from the perspective of middle school teachers. Specifically, it examined the extent to which visual representations, particularly concept maps and explanatory diagrams, contribute to the organisation of scientific content, facilitating its comprehension and summarisation in a manner that positively impacts the quality of the teaching process. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach. A 26-item questionnaire, divided into two dimensions, was administered to a sample of 52 male and female teachers of natural and life sciences. The data were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), with frequencies, percentages, arithmetic means, standard deviations and Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient being relied upon. The findings revealed a high level of agreement among participants on the positive impact of visual knowledge representations on the quality of subject teaching. These representations were found to clarify and organise scientific concepts, and highlight the relationships between them. They also supported the systematic summarisation of instructional content, helped learners to connect new knowledge with prior knowledge, developed analysis and recall skills, and improved academic achievement, particularly among low-achieving learners. The findings further supported both sub-hypotheses, thereby corroborating the general hypothesis that visual knowledge representations improve the quality of Natural and Life Sciences teaching at middle school level.
Corporate Governance and Accounting Transparency
This paper examines corporate governance and accounting transparency from a contemporary accounting perspective. Accounting has developed from a transaction-recording function into a broader information and accountability system supporting managers, investors, regulators, employees and other stakeholders. The discussion covers conceptual foundations, organizational importance, practical accounting processes, information and analysis, challenges and ethical considerations, and emerging developments. Particular attention is given to reliable information, professional judgment, transparency, internal control and responsible decision-making. The paper connects accounting theory with practical organizational requirements and considers how technology, regulation and changing business expectations influence the selected area.
Economic Legislation and Safguards For Achieving Food Security : A Study in Islamic Agricultural Economics
The aim of this study is to analyse the economic legislations and safeguards established by Islamic agricultural economics to achieve food security, and to clarify their role in building an economic system capable of promoting the sustainability of agricultural production and the stability of food supplies. The study adopted an inductive approach in examining relevant Islamic legal texts and economic principles, and an analytical approach in interpreting them and identifying their economic implications. This analysis was based on an examination of Islamic legal sources and specialised studies in Islamic economics and food security. The study is foundational analytical research, aiming to shed light on the legislative and economic underpinnings of food security from an Islamic perspective. The study concluded that Islamic economics provides a comprehensive legislative framework based on the principles of justice, the protection of wealth, the rational use of resources, the promotion of agricultural production, and the activation of solidarity and spending mechanisms. This provides effective economic safeguards for achieving and sustaining food security. The study contributes to academic discourse by offering an integrated perspective that connects Islamic economic legislation with the dimensions of food security within the framework of Islamic agricultural economics. This contributes to the development of the theoretical foundation of this field. Furthermore, the study emphasises the potential to utilise these economic principles in developing agricultural and food policies and formulating development strategies better equipped to address contemporary food security challenges.
Environmental Accounting and Sustainable Business Reporting
This paper examines environmental accounting and sustainable business reporting from a contemporary accounting perspective. Accounting has developed from a transaction-recording function into a broader information and accountability system supporting managers, investors, regulators, employees and other stakeholders. The discussion covers conceptual foundations, organizational importance, practical accounting processes, information and analysis, challenges and ethical considerations, and emerging developments. Particular attention is given to reliable information, professional judgment, transparency, internal control and responsible decision-making. The paper connects accounting theory with practical organizational requirements and considers how technology, regulation and changing business expectations influence the selected area.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Its Relationship with Psychological Quality of Life among Students at University of Setif 2. “A Field Study Conducted at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences”
The present study aimed to examine the nature of the relationship between generalized anxiety disorder and psychological quality of life among university students. A descriptive–correlational design was adopted, and the study was conducted on a purposive sample of 80 students (male and female) majoring in Psychology and Educational Sciences at the University of Sétif 2. Two measurement instruments were employed: the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale developed by Fouzia Ben Abdallah, and the Psychological Quality of Life Scale developed by El-Galati and Muflih bin Mohammed Muflih, encompassing six dimensions. The findings revealed a statistically significant negative correlation between generalized anxiety disorder and all dimensions of psychological quality of life among students at the University of Sétif 2. These results indicate that higher levels of anxiety are associated with lower levels of psychological adjustment and well-being, underscoring the importance of preventive psychological interventions within the university environment
Social Accounting and Corporate Social Responsibility
This paper examines social accounting and corporate social responsibility from a contemporary accounting perspective. Accounting has developed from a transaction-recording function into a broader information and accountability system supporting managers, investors, regulators, employees and other stakeholders. The discussion covers conceptual foundations, organizational importance, practical accounting processes, information and analysis, challenges and ethical considerations, and emerging developments. Particular attention is given to reliable information, professional judgment, transparency, internal control and responsible decision-making. The paper connects accounting theory with practical organizational requirements and considers how technology, regulation and changing business expectations influence the selected area.
Ibadi Juristic Reasoning Between Doctrinal Unity and Methodological Diversity: A Comparative Study of Diwan al-Ashayikh and Al-Nil – The Chapter on Fasting as a Case Study
Abstract: This study undertakes a comparative examination of two of the most prominent authoritative jurisprudential references relied upon in Ibadi fatwa practice in the Islamic Maghrib, namely: Diwan al-Ashayikh (manuscript, Wadi Areg, 5th/11th century) and Al-Nil (published, Wadi Mzab, 13th/19th century). The comparison is conducted through an analysis of each work's methodological approach to presenting jurisprudential issues, and a study of the rulings contained in the chapter on fasting (Kitāb al-Ṣawm) as a case study. The study finds that Diwan tends toward elaboration and comprehensive exposition in presenting various juristic opinions alongside the relied upon view (al qawl al muʿtamad), frequent citation of concessions (rukhaṣ) with attribution to their proponents, and careful attention to jurisprudential sub branches (tafrīʿ). In contrast, Al Nil tends toward conciseness in presenting opinions, systematic organization, and specification of the most authentic opinion (al qawl al aṣaḥḥ) alongside reference to other views, with the formulation of comprehensive legal maxims (qawāʿid kulliyyah). Despite this methodological divergence, the research reveals substantial agreement between the two works on major issues, including the pillars of fasting (arkān al ṣawm), the conditions of its obligation (shurūṭ al wujūb), and the rulings on the crescent sighting (aḥkām al hilāl), whereas differences emerge in detailed matters such as the delay of the ritual bath (ghusl), lying, backbiting (ghībah), coercion (ikrāh), and the formulation of jurisprudential rules. The study also documents issues that are unique to each work, underscoring that neither book renders the other dispensable. It concludes by recommending that both muftis and students of knowledge draw upon both sources, as they reflect the richness and diversity of Ibadi juristic reasoning in accordance with differing contexts and periods, while maintaining methodological unity in the foundational principle.
Human Resource Accounting and Organizational Value
This paper examines human resource accounting and organizational value from a contemporary accounting perspective. Accounting has developed from a transaction-recording function into a broader information and accountability system supporting managers, investors, regulators, employees and other stakeholders. The discussion covers conceptual foundations, organizational importance, practical accounting processes, information and analysis, challenges and ethical considerations, and emerging developments. Particular attention is given to reliable information, professional judgment, transparency, internal control and responsible decision-making. The paper connects accounting theory with practical organizational requirements and considers how technology, regulation and changing business expectations influence the selected area.
European Travel Accounts as a source for the Study of Algerian History during the Ottoman period, 1518–1830 AD – English Travels as a Case Study –
During the Ottoman period, Algeria was a popular destination for European travellers, particularly the English, who were sent there for various reasons, both overt and covert. They left behind numerous works containing valuable information, depending on the purpose of their journey. Many of them came with the intention of espionage and colonial expansion. These writings covered all aspects of life and included reports, letters and memoirs, many of which have been published and translated into other languages. Research has shown that these writings played a significant role in the planning of military campaigns against Algeria during the 17th and 18 th centuries. This includes writings resulting from the interest of English travellers in North Africa in general and Algeria in particular.
This paper examines forensic accounting and fraud detection from a contemporary accounting perspective. Accounting has developed from a transaction-recording function into a broader information and accountability system supporting managers, investors, regulators, employees and other stakeholders. The discussion covers conceptual foundations, organizational importance, practical accounting processes, information and analysis, challenges and ethical considerations, and emerging developments. Particular attention is given to reliable information, professional judgment, transparency, internal control and responsible decision-making. The paper connects accounting theory with practical organizational requirements and considers how technology, regulation and changing business expectations influence the selected area.
The Relationship between the Association of Algerian Muslim Scholars and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia before the Liberation Revolution
This study highlights the role of the sacred sites of the Hejaz as an intellectual and spiritual incubator for the pioneers of the Algerian reform movement at the turn of the twentieth century, given that the founding idea of the Association of Algerian Muslim Scholars was conceived in Medina in 1913. The study seeks to document the efforts of al-Bashir al-Ibrahimi in internationalizing the Algerian cause and securing Saudi and diplomatic backing for it, and it addresses the historical dimension of the Hejaz as a spiritual center. The study establishes that this civilizational integration contributed to dismantling both material and spiritual colonialism, to protecting national identity, and to paving the way for the outbreak of the November 1954 Revolution.
Creative Accounting and Ethical Challenges
This paper examines creative accounting and ethical challenges from a contemporary accounting perspective. Accounting has developed from a transaction-recording function into a broader information and accountability system supporting managers, investors, regulators, employees and other stakeholders. The discussion covers conceptual foundations, organizational importance, practical accounting processes, information and analysis, challenges and ethical considerations, and emerging developments. Particular attention is given to reliable information, professional judgment, transparency, internal control and responsible decision-making. The paper connects accounting theory with practical organizational requirements and considers how technology, regulation and changing business expectations influence the selected area.